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Ontogenetic patterns in lipid and fatty acid biomarkers of juvenile polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) from across the Alaska Arctic

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Abstract

Characterizing the condition of fish in dynamic seasonal environments requires an understanding of their energy allocation strategies. Both polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) are important mid-trophic fish in Alaska Arctic waters, and changes in their lipid allocation could have important implications for their overwintering survival as well as their energetic value for predators. We used a combination of laboratory and field approaches to describe allometric relationships in lipid storage of polar cod and we then explored spatial patterns in field-caught juvenile gadid condition during 2012 and 2013. Lipid density in wild juvenile Arctic gadids increased with size leading into the first overwintering period, but age-1 + fish showed a reduction in lipid density with size prior to the 2nd overwintering period. Using the residuals from the underlying allometry of total lipid and fatty acid density in each species, we were able to develop a condition metric which was then explored in relation to spatial patterns in large Calanus glacialis copepodite (stages C3 and older) abundance and thermal conditions measured in the field. Fatty acid biomarkers from the total lipid pool indicated that polar cod have a higher reliance on calanoid copepods than saffron cod. Collectively, these data suggest polar cod and saffron cod will likely respond differently to regional warming depending upon the shift in the zooplankton communities, such that the energetic contribution of these fish to higher trophic levels could be transformed with future ocean warming.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the field crews of the Arctic EIS, SHELFZ, and ACES surveys for helping with the collections of polar cod and saffron cod in 2012 and 2013. Fish in this study were supplied from field collections that were supported by both the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and Coastal Impact Assistance Programs (CIAP). We would like to thank Franz Mueter (University of Alaska) for their helpful advice and coordination of the large Arctic EIS project. We would also like to acknowledge Michele Ottmar, Scott Hains, Paul Iseri, and Chris Magel for their help with polar cod husbandry. Finally, we would like to thank Karolin Klinck, Leah Finberg, and Kristina McCann-Grosvenor for their help with field-collected fish dissections and extractions. We would like to thank Carlissa Salant, Michelle Stowell, and Jami Ivory for their help with larval sampling, lipid extraction, and Iatroscan of laboratory-reared larval polar cod. Finally, we would like to thank the North Pacific Research Board for Grant # 1228 that supported our research on juvenile Arctic gadids. The findings and conclusions in the paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Marine Fisheries Service. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA.

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  1. Louise Copeman

    Present address: Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Louise Copeman

  2. Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Louise Copeman & Angie Sremba

  3. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Mara Spencer & Benjamin Laurel

  4. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA

    Ron Heintz & Johanna Vollenweider

  5. Sitka Sound Science Center, Sitka, Alaska, 99835, USA

    Ron Heintz

  6. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, 98115, WA, USA

    Thomas Helser & Libby Logerwell

  7. North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA

    Leandra Sousa

  8. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA

    Seth Danielson & Alexei I. Pinchuk

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Correspondence to Louise Copeman.

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This article belongs to the special issue on the “Arctic Gadids in a Changing Climate”, coordinated by Franz Mueter, Haakon Hop, Benjamin Laurel, Caroline Bouchard, and Brenda Norcross.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Best-fit three-parameter models Gaussian peak fit models (y = a × exp(− 0.5 × ((xi−x0)/b)2)) for the relationship between condition factors and lipid biomarkers with binned fish length (standard length, 10 mm increments) for both polar cod and saffron cod (Figs. 2 and 3). Here, Y refers to the condition factor or lipid parameter density, a is the maximum value of condition factor or lipid density (mg g−1), X0 is the length at which the slope is zero or the maximum peak value, Xi is any given length (mm), and b is the width of the condition factor or lipid/biomarker density peak. Size bins were only used if more than 5 fish were present in a size bin. Data from 60 to 70 mm in standard length were omitted from size bins due to overlapping age-0 and age-1 fish. All fish were aged using otolith examination and all fish were collected in August and September and therefore represent the condition of fish at the end of the summer.

Condition/dietary metric

Species

# of size bins

a

b

X0

Adjusted R2

Fulton’s K

Polar cod

13

0.68

92.09

130.90

0.89

 

Saffron cod

8

0.85

66.75

82.91

0.82

Total lipids per WWT (mg g−1)

Polar cod

8

40.29

44.82

77.66

0.72

 

Saffron cod

8

23.72

32.99

68.35

0.60

Total FA per WWT (mg g−1)

Polar cod

9

33.47

45.56

78.60

0.95

 

Saffron cod

8

18.82

49.94

68.23

0.52

Total diatom marker (mg g−1)

Polar cod

9

10.08

36.29

83.49

0.78

 

Saffron cod

8

5.41

38.47

82.52

0.68

Total Calanus marker (mg g−1)

Polar cod

9

7.97

45.67

71.26

0.48

 

Saffron cod

8

1.26

35.44

55.52

0.18

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Copeman, L., Spencer, M., Heintz, R. et al. Ontogenetic patterns in lipid and fatty acid biomarkers of juvenile polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) from across the Alaska Arctic. Polar Biol 43, 1121–1140 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02648-9

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