Abstract
Instrumental data are affected by systematic effects that dominate the errors and can be relevant when searching for small signals. This is the case of the K2 mission, a follow up of the Kepler mission, that, after a failure on two reaction wheels, has lost its stability properties rising strongly the systematics in the light curves and reducing its photometric precision. In this work, we have developed a general method to remove time related systematics from a set of light curves, that has been applied to K2 data. The method uses the Principal Component Analysis to retrieve the correlation between the light curves due to the systematics and to remove its effect without knowing any information other than the data itself. We have applied the method to all the K2 campaigns available at the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes, and we have tested the effectiveness of the procedure and its capability in preserving the astrophysical signal on a few transits and on eclipsing binaries. One product of this work is the identification of stable sources along the ecliptic plane that can be used as photometric calibrators for the upcoming Atmospheric Remote-sensing Exoplanet Large-survey mission.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aigrain, S., Hodgkin S.T., Irwin, M.J., Lewis, J.R., Roberts, S.J.: Precise time series photometry for the Kepler-2.0 mission. MNRAS 447, 2880–2893 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2638. 1412.6304
Aigrain, S., Parviainen, H., Pope, B.J.S.: K2SC: flexible systematics correction and detrending of K2 light curves using Gaussian process regression. MNRAS 459, 2408–2419 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw706. 1603.09167
Armstrong, D.J., Kirk, J., Lam, K.W.F., McCormac, J., Walker, S.R., Brown, D.J.A., Osborn, H.P., Pollacco, D.L., Spake, J.: K2 Variable Catalogue: Variable stars and eclipsing binaries in K2 campaigns 1 and 0. A & A 579, A19 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525889. 1502.04004
Bohlin, R.C., Landolt, A.U.: The CALSPEC Stars P177D and P330E. AJ 149(4), 122 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/149/4/122. 1502.01754
Borucki, W.J., Koch, D., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Brown, T., Caldwell, D., Caldwell, J., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W.D., DeVore, E., Dunham, E.W., Dupree, A.K., Gautier, T.N., Geary, J.C., Gilliland, R., Gould, A., Howell, S.B., Jenkins, J.M., Kondo, Y., Latham, D.W., Marcy, G.W., Meibom, S., Kjeldsen, H., Lissauer, J.J., Monet, D.G., Morrison, D., Sasselov, D., Tarter, J., Boss, A., Brownlee, D., Owen, T., Buzasi, D., Charbonneau, D., Doyle, L., Fortney, J., Ford, E.B., Holman, M.J., Seager, S., Steffen, J.H., Welsh, W.F., Rowe, J., Anderson, H., Buchhave, L., Ciardi, D., Walkowicz, L., Sherry, W., Horch, E., Isaacson, H., Everett, M.E., Fischer, D., Torres, G., Johnson, J.A., Endl, M., MacQueen, P., Bryson, S.T., Dotson, J., Haas, M., Kolodziejczak, J., Van Cleve, J., Chandrasekaran, H., Twicken, J.D., Quintana, E.V., Clarke, B.D., Allen, C., Li, J., Wu, H., Tenenbaum, P., Verner, E., Bruhweiler, F., Barnes, J., Prsa, A.: Kepler Planet-Detection mission: Introduction and first results. Science 327, 977 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185402
Christiansen, J.L., Vanderburg, A., Burt, J., Fulton, B.J., Batygin, K., Benneke, B., Brewer, J.M., Charbonneau, D., Ciardi, D.R., Collier-Cameron, A., Coughlin, J.L., Crossfield, I.J.M., Dressing, C., Greene, T.P., Howard, A.W., Latham, D.W., Molinari, E., Mortier, A., Mullally, F., Pepe, F., Rice, K., Sinukoff, E., Sozzetti, A., Thompson, S.E., Udry, S., Vogt, S.S., Barman, T.S., Batalha, N.E., Bouchy, F., Buchhave, L.A., Butler, R.P., Cosentino, R., Dupuy, T.J., Ehrenreich, D., Fiorenzano, A., Hansen, B.M.S., Henning, T., Hirsch, L., Holden, B.P., Isaacson, H.T., Johnson, J.A., Knutson, H.A., Kosiarek, M., López-Morales, M., Lovis, C., Malavolta, L., Mayor, M., Micela, G., Motalebi, F., Petigura, E., Phillips, D.F., Piotto, G., Rogers, L.A., Sasselov, D., Schlieder, J.E., Ségransan, D., Watson, C.A., Weiss, L.M.: Threeś company: an additional non-transiting super-earth in the bright hd 3167 system, and masses for all three planets. AJ 154, 122 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa832d. 1706.01892
Clem, J.L., Landolt, A.U.: Faint UBVRI standard star fields. AJ 146(4), 88 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/88
Clem, J.L., Landolt, A.U.: Faint UBVRI Standard Star Fields at + 50 deg Declination. AJ 152(4), 91 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/91
Crossfield, I.J.M., Petigura, E., Schlieder, J.E., Howard, A.W., Fulton, B.J., Aller, K.M., Ciardi, D.R., Lépine, S., Barclay, T., de Pater, I., de Kleer, K., Quintana, E.V., Christiansen, J.L., Schlafly, E., Kaltenegger, L., Crepp, J.R., Henning, T., Obermeier, C., Deacon, N., Weiss, L.M., Isaacson, H.T., Hansen, B.M.S., Liu, M.C., Greene, T., Howell, S.B., Barman, T., Mordasini, C.: A nearby M Star with three transiting super-earths discovered by K2. ApJ 804, 10 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/10. 1501.03798
Deming, D., Knutson, H., Kammer, J., Fulton, B.J., Ingalls, J., Carey, S., Burrows, A., Fortney, J.J., Todorov, K., Agol, E., Cowan, N., Desert, J.M., Fraine, J, Langton, J, Morley, C, Showman, AP: Spitzer secondary eclipses of the dense, modestly-irradiated, giant exoplanet HAT-P-20b using pixel-level decorrelation. ApJ 805, 132 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/132. 1411.7404
Howell, SB, Sobeck, C, Haas, M, Still, M, Barclay, T, Mullally, F, Troeltzsch, J, Aigrain, S, Bryson, ST, Caldwell, D, Chaplin, WJ, Cochran, WD, Huber, D, Marcy, GW, Miglio, A, Najita, JR, Smith, M, Twicken, JD, Fortney, JJ: The K2 mission: characterization and early results. PASP 126, 398 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1086/676406. 1402.5163
Huang, CX, Penev, K, Hartman, JD, Bakos, G.A.́, Bhatti, W, Domsa, I, de Val-Borro, M: High-precision photometry for K2 Campaign 1. MNRAS 454, 4159–4171 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2257. 1507.07578
Landolt AU: UBVRI photometric standard stars around the Sky at -50 deg declination. AJ 133, 2502–2523 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/518000. 0704.3034
Landolt, AU: UBVRI photometric standard stars around the celestial equator: Updates and additions. AJ 137, 4186–4269 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4186. 0904.0638
Landolt, A.U.: UBVRI Photometric Standard Stars Around the Sky at + 50 deg Declination. AJ 146(5), 131 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/146/5/131
Landolt, AU, Uomoto, AK: Optical multicolor photometry of spectrophotometric standard stars. AJ 133(3), 768–790 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/510485. 0704.3030
Luger, R, Agol, E, Kruse, E, Barnes, R, Becker, A, Foreman-Mackey, D, Deming, D: EVEREST: pixel level decorrelation of K2 light curves. AJ 152, 100 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/100, 1607.00524
Lund, MN, Handberg, R, Davies, GR, Chaplin, WJ, Jones, CD: K2P2 - A photometry pipeline for the K2 mission. ApJ 806, 30 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/30, 1504.05199
Raschka, S., Mirjalili, V.: Python machine learning, 2nd edn. Packt Publishing, Birmingham (2017)
Smith, JC, Stumpe, MC, Van Cleve, JE, Jenkins, JM, Barclay, TS, Fanelli, MN, Girouard, FR, Kolodziejczak, JJ, McCauliff, SD, Morris, RL, Twicken, JD: Kepler presearch data conditioning II - A Bayesian approach to systematic error correction. PASP 124, 1000 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1086/667697, 1203.1383
Stetson, PB: Homogeneous photometry for star clusters and resolved galaxies. II. Photometric Standard Stars. PASP 112 (773), 925–931 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/316595, astro-ph/0004144
Stumpe, M.C., Smith, J.C., Catanzarite, J.H., Van Cleve, J.E., Jenkins, J.M., Twicken, J.D., Girouard, F.R.: Multiscale systematic error correction via wavelet-based bandsplitting in kepler data. PASP 126, 100 (2014). 10.1086/674989
Thatte, A, Deroo, P, Swain, MR: Selective principal component extraction and reconstruction: A novel method for ground based exoplanet spectroscopy. A&A 523, A35 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015148, 1009.2473
Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., Hartogh, P., Heske, A., Leconte, J., Micela, G., Ollivier, M., Pilbratt, G., Puig, L., Turrini, D., Vandenbussche, B., Wolkenberg, P., Beaulieu, J.P., Buchave, L.A., Ferus, M., Griffin, M., Guedel, M., Justtanont, K., Lagage, P.O., Machado, P., Malaguti, G., Min, M., Norgaard-Nielsen, H.U., Rataj, M., Ray, T., Ribas, I., Swain, M., Szabo, R., Werner, S., Barstow, J., Burleigh, M., Cho, J., du Foresto, V.C., Coustenis, A., Decin, L., Encrenaz, T., Galand, M., Gillon, M., Helled, R., Morales, J.C., Muñoz, A G, Moneti, A., Pagano, I., Pascale, E., Piccioni, G., Pinfield, D., Sarkar, S., Selsis, F., Tennyson, J., Triaud, A., Venot, O., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Wright, G., Amiaux, J., Auguères, J L, Berthé, M, Bezawada, N., Bishop, G., Bowles, N., Coffey, D., Colomé, J, Crook, M., Crouzet, P.E., Da Peppo, V., Sanz, I.E., Focardi, M., Frericks, M., Hunt, T., Kohley, R., Middleton, K., Morgante, G., Ottensamer, R., Pace, E., Pearson, C., Stamper, R., Symonds, K., Rengel, M., Renotte, E., Ade, P., Affer, L., Alard, C., Allard, N., Altieri, F., André, Y, Arena, C., Argyriou, I., Aylward, A., Baccani, C., Bakos, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barlow, M., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Benatti, S., Bernardi, P., Bézard, B, Blecka, M., Bolmont, E., Bonfond, B., Bonito, R., Bonomo, A.S., Brucato, J.R., Brun, A.S., Bryson, I., Bujwan, W., Casewell, S., Charnay, B., Pestellini, C.C., Chen, G., Ciaravella, A., Claudi, R., Clédassou, R, Damasso, M., Damiano, M., Danielski, C., Deroo, P., Di Giorgio, A.M., Dominik, C., Doublier, V., Doyle, S., Doyon, R., Drummond, B., Duong, B., Eales, S., Edwards, B., Farina, M., Flaccomio, E., Fletcher, L., Forget, F., Fossey, S., Fränz, M, Fujii, Y., García-Piquer, Á, Gear, W., Geoffray, H., Gérard, J C, Gesa, L., Gomez, H., Graczyk, R., Griffith, C., Grodent, D., Guarcello, M.G., Gustin, J., Hamano, K., Hargrave, P., Hello, Y., Heng, K., Herrero, E., Hornstrup, A., Hubert, B., Ida, S., Ikoma, M., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jarchow, C., Jaubert, J., Jones, H., Julien, Q., Kameda, S., Kerschbaum, F., Kervella, P., Koskinen, T., Krijger, M., Krupp, N., Lafarga, M., Landini, F., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Luntzer, A., Rank-Lüftinger, T, Maggio, A., Maldonado, J., Maillard, J.P., Mall, U., Marquette, J.B., Mathis, S., Maxted, P., Matsuo, T., Medvedev, A., Miguel, Y., Minier, V., Morello, G., Mura, A., Narita, N., Nascimbeni, V., Nguyen Tong, N., Noce, V., Oliva, F., Palle, E., Palmer, P., Pancrazzi, M., Papageorgiou, A., Parmentier, V., Perger, M., Petralia, A., Pezzuto, S., Pierrehumbert, R., Pillitteri, I., Piotto, G., Pisano, G., Prisinzano, L., Radioti, A., Réess, J M, Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rosich, A., Sanna, N., Santerne, A., Savini, G., Scandariato, G., Sicardy, B., Sierra, C., Sindoni, G., Skup, K, Snellen, I, Sobiecki, M, Soret, L, Sozzetti, A, Stiepen, A, Strugarek, A, Taylor, J, Taylor, W, Terenzi, L, Tessenyi, M, Tsiaras, A, Tucker, C, Valencia, D, Vasisht, G, Vazan, A, Vilardell, F, Vinatier, S, Viti, S, Waters, R, Wawer, P, Wawrzaszek, A, Whitworth, A, Yung, YL, Yurchenko, SN, Osorio, MRZ, Zellem, R, Zingales, T, Zwart, F: A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL. Exp Astron 46(1), 135–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-018-9598-x
Vanderburg, A, Johnson, JA: A technique for extracting highly precise photometry for the two-wheeled kepler mission. PASP 126, 948 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1086/678764, 1408.3853
Vanderburg, A, Bieryla, A, Duev, DA, Jensen-Clem, R, Latham, DW, Mayo, AW, Baranec, C, Berlind, P, Kulkarni S, Law NM, Nieberding MN, Riddle R, Salama M: Two small planets transiting HD 3167. ApJ 829, L9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L9, 1607.05248
Zellem RT, Griffith CA, Deroo P, Swain MR, Waldmann IP: The ground-based H-, K-, and L-band absolute emission spectra of HD 209458b. ApJ 796(1), 48 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/48, 1409.8187
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support of the ARIEL ASI-INAF agreement n. 2018-22-HH.0
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Petralia, A., Micela, G. Principal component analysis to correct data systematics. Case study: K2 light curves. Exp Astron 49, 97–114 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-020-09656-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-020-09656-x