Abstract
Resistance spot welding of similar AISI-1008 steel plates and dissimilar AISI-1008/Al-1100 alloy joints were carried out using a graphene nanoplatelets interlayer and the underlying strengthening mechanisms were discussed. Weld strength of the joints depends on the welding current/time used for the resistance spot welding. An enhancement of ~ 49% and ~ 124% was reported at certain parameters for the similar and dissimilar joints, respectively. Optical microscopy, SEM, XRD, TEM and Raman spectroscopy was used for microstructural characterization. Microhardness studies at the weld nugget cross-section revealed an enhanced hardness at the fused zone for both the cases. Al-Fe rich intermetallics formation was reported at the interfacial zone of the dissimilar joints which played a role in hardness increment. Variation of nugget size with the increase in welding current was studied. Fractured surfaces were analyzed and it was concluded that shear dimple and a mix of the shear dimple and brittle fractures were dominant in cases of similar and dissimilar metal joints, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C.Y. Choi, D.C. Kim, D.G. Nam, Y.D. Kim, and Y.D. Park, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 26, 858 (2010).
I.N. Fridlyander, V.G. Sister, O.E. Grushko, V.V. Berstenev, L.M. Sheveleva, and L.A. Ivanova, Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 44, 365 (2002).
J. Hirsch, Mater. Trans. 52, 818 (2011).
A. Mathieu, R. Shabadi, A. Deschamps, M. Suery, S. Matteï, D. Grevey, and E. Cicala, Opt. Laser Technol. 39, 652 (2007).
M. Pouranvari, Mater. Sci. Technol. (UK) 33, 1705 (2017).
S. Madhavan, M. Kamaraj, L. Vijayaraghavan, and K. SrinivasaRao, Mater. Sci. Technol. (UK) 33, 200 (2017).
S. Madhavan, M. Kamaraj, and L. Vijayaraghavan, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 21, 194 (2015).
H. Springer, A. Kostka, J.F. dos Santos, and D. Raabe, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 528, 4630 (2011).
J. Schneider and R. Radzilowski, JOM 66, 2123 (2014).
X. Li, A. Scherf, M. Heilmaier, and F. Stein, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 37, 162 (2016).
H. Springer, A. Szczepaniak, and D. Raabe, Acta Mater. 96, 203 (2015).
R.W. Richards, R.D. Jones, P.D. Clements, and H. Clarke, Int. Mater. Rev. 39, 191 (1994).
H.E. Emre and R. Kaçar, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 83, 1737 (2016).
H. Kazdal Zeytin, H. ErtekEmre, and R. Kaçar, Metals (Basel) 7, 14 (2017).
M. Goodarzi, S.P.H. Marashi, and M. Pouranvari, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209, 4379 (2009).
C. Ma, D.L. Chen, S.D. Bhole, G. Boudreau, A. Lee, and E. Biro, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 485, 334 (2008).
M.I. Khan, M.L. Kuntz, P. Su, A. Gerlich, T. North, and Y. Zhou, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 12, 175 (2007).
D. Özyürek, Mater. Des. 29, 597 (2008).
A. Chabok, E. van der Aa, J.T.M.T.M. De Hosson, Y.T.T. Pei, E. Van Der Aa, J.T.M. De Hosson, Y.T.T. Pei, E. van der Aa, J.T.M.T.M. De Hosson, and Y.T.T. Pei, Mater. Des. 124, 171 (2017).
R.S. Florea, K.N. Solanki, D.J. Bammann, J.C. Baird, J.B. Jordon, and M.P. Castanier, Mater. Des. 34, 624 (2012).
M. Pouranvari, S.M. Mousavizadeh, S.P.H. Marashi, M. Goodarzi, and M. Ghorbani, Mater. Des. 32, 1390 (2011).
X. Yuan, C. Li, J. Chen, X. Li, X. Liang, and X. Pan, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 239, 31 (2017).
D. Min, J. Shen, S. Lai, and J. Chen, Mater. Charact. 60, 1583 (2009).
Y. Shi and H. Guo, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 36, 1081 (2013).
H.C.C. Lin, C.A.A. Hsu, C.S.S. Lee, T.Y.Y. Kuo, and S.L.L. Jeng, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 251, 205 (2018).
P. Penner, L. Liu, A. Gerlich, and Y. Zhou, Weld. J. 93, 225 (2014).
C.T. Lane, C.D. Sorensen, G.B. Hunter, S.A. Gedeon, and T.W. Eagar, Weld. Res. 1987, 260 (1987).
M.R.R. Arghavani, M. Movahedi, and A.H.H. Kokabi, Mater. Des. 102, 106 (2016).
M. Sun, S.T. Niknejad, G. Zhang, M.K. Lee, L. Wu, and Y. Zhou, Mater. Des. 87, 905 (2015).
M. Sun, S.B. Behravesh, L. Wu, Y. Zhou, and H. Jahed, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 40, 1048 (2017).
W. Zhang, D. Sun, L. Han, and D. Liu, Mater. Des. 57, 186 (2014).
M. Winnicki, A. Małachowska, M. Korzeniowski, M. Jasiorski, and A. Baszczuk, Surf. Eng. 34, 235 (2018).
Y. Song, Y. Chen, W.W. Liu, W.L. Li, Y.G. Wang, D. Zhao, and X.B. Liu, Mater. Des. 109, 256 (2016).
S. Marconi, G. Alaimo, V. Mauri, M. Torre, and F. Auricchio, IMWS-AMP 20, 1 (2017).
A.A. Tony Thomas, C. Zhang, A. Sahu, P. Nautiyal, A. Loganathan, T. Laha, and B. Boesl, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 728, 45 (2018).
Y. Zhoa and Q.W. Long Chen, Coatings 7, 1 (2017).
T. Das, B. Sahoo, P. Kumar, and J. Paul, Mater. Res. Express 6, 1 (2019).
R. Qiu, H. Shi, K. Zhang, Y. Tu, C. Iwamoto, and S. Satonaka, Mater. Charact. 61, 684 (2010).
H.A. Becerril, J. Mao, Z. Liu, R.M. Stoltenber, Z. Bao, and Y. Chen, ACS Nano 2, 463 (2008).
A. Sharma, S. Sagar, R.P. Mahto, B. Sahoo, S.K. Pal, and J. Paul, Surf. Coat. Technol. 337, 12 (2018).
J.N. Coleman, M. Cadek, R. Blake, V. Nicolosi, K.P. Ryan, C. Belton, A. Fonseca, J.B. Nagy, Y.K. Gunko, and W.J. Blau, Adv. Funct. Mater. 14, 791 (2004).
H.J. Choi, G.B. Kwon, G.Y. Lee, and D.H. Bae, Scr. Mater. 59, 360–363 (2008).
J.W. Wyrzykowski and M.W. Grabski, Philos. Mag. A Phys. Condens. Matter Struct. Defects Mech. Prop. 53, 505 (1986).
A. Bisht, M. Srivastava, R.M. Kumar, I. Lahiri, and D. Lahiri, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 695, 20 (2017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Das, T., Paul, J. Resistance Spot Welding of Similar and Dissimilar Metals: The Effect of Graphene Interlayer. JOM 72, 2863–2874 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04159-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04159-8