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Early development of Monoplex pilearis and Monoplex parthenopeus (Gastropoda: Cymatiidae): biology and morphology

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Abstract

Members of family Cymatiidae have an unusually long planktonic larval life stage (veligers) which allows them to be carried within ocean currents and become distributed worldwide. However, little is known about these planktonic veligers and identification of the larval state of many Cymatiidae is challenging at best. Here, we describe the first high-quality scanning electron microscopy images of the developing veliger larvae of Monoplex pilearis and Monoplex parthenopeus (Gastropoda: Cymatiidae). The developing shell of Monoplex veligers was captured by SEM, showing plates secreted to form the completed shell. The incubation time of the two species was recorded and found to be different; M. parthenopeus took 24 days to develop fully and hatch out of the egg capsules, whereas M. pilearis took over a month to leave the egg capsule. Using scanning electron microscopy and geometric morphometrics, the morphology of veliger larvae was compared. No significant differences were found between the shapes of the developing shell between the two species; however, it was found that M. pilearis was significantly larger than M. parthenopeus upon hatching. Although statistical analysis did not find morphological differences, this study concludes biological differences do exist between these two closely related species of Monoplex.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published article and supplementary material. All images generated during this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

PCA:

Principal component analysis

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

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Acknowledgements

We thank Kathryn Green and Nicolas Condon from the Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis at the University of Queensland, St. Lucia; the UQ Biological Resources Department personnel for care of the tritons in aquaria, Mr. Greg Knight and the employees of his oyster lease, the Clout family of Kooringal Oysters, and everyone at Moreton Bay Rock Oyster Company for donating specimens of M. parthenopeus. Thanks also to Dr. David Anning for assisting in collecting M. pilearis and Dr. John Healy, Curator of Molluscs at the Queensland Museum, for his expertise and assistance in specimen identification.

Funding

This research was funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project DP150103990 awarded to Q.K. and D.J.C. A.H.T. was supported by a University of Queensland Research Training Tuition Offset Scholarship and a University of Queensland Training Program Living Allowance Scholarship, C.I.S. was supported by an ARC Future Fellowship (FT160100055) and an Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) Industry Fellowship, and D.J.C. was supported by an ARC Australian Laureate Fellowship (FL150100146).

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  1. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Ashlin H. Turner, Quentin Kaas, David J. Craik & Christina I. Schroeder

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  1. Ashlin H. Turner
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Correspondence to Ashlin H. Turner or Christina I. Schroeder.

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Turner, A.H., Kaas, Q., Craik, D.J. et al. Early development of Monoplex pilearis and Monoplex parthenopeus (Gastropoda: Cymatiidae): biology and morphology. Org Divers Evol 20, 51–62 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00432-5

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