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Candida Biofilms: An Update on Developmental Mechanisms and Therapeutic Challenges

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Abstract

Fungi of the genus Candida are important etiological agents of superficial and life-threatening infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. One of the main characteristics of Candida is its ability to form highly drug tolerance biofilms in the human host. Biofilms are a dynamic community of multiple cell types whose formation over time is orchestrated by a network of transcription regulators. In this brief review, we provide an update of the processes involved in biofilm formation by Candida spp. (formation, treatment, and control), as well as the transcriptional circuitry that regulates its development and interactions with other microorganisms. Candida albicans is known to build mixed species biofilms with other Candida species and with various other bacterial species in different host niches. Taken together, these properties play a key role in Candida pathogenesis. In addition, this review gathers recent studies with new insights and perspectives for the treatment and control of Candida biofilms.

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Funding

This work was supported by the following Brazilian organizations: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) grant numbers 2017/02652-6 and 2019/05664-0 (PPB), 2017/19219-3 and 2018/21239-5 (RDR) and the National Council for Scientific Development/CNPq (306330/2018-0).

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  1. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12245-000, Brazil

    Patrícia Pimentel de Barros, Rodnei Dennis Rossoni, Cheyenne Marçal de Souza, Liliana Scorzoni, Juliana De Camargo Fenley & Juliana Campos Junqueira

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  1. Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
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PPB and JCJ participated in conceptualization; PPB, RDR, CMS, LS, and JCJ involved in writing—original draft preparation; and PPB, JCF, and JCJ took part in review and editing.

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Correspondence to Patrícia Pimentel de Barros.

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de Barros, P.P., Rossoni, R.D., de Souza, C.M. et al. Candida Biofilms: An Update on Developmental Mechanisms and Therapeutic Challenges. Mycopathologia 185, 415–424 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00445-w

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