Abstract
The diversification of anatomical structures with functional importance during the branching process of a clade is a widely studied phenomenon in evolutionary biology. In recent years, there is a growing interest in the study of the inner ear, a structure associated with hearing, locomotion, and indirectly, with body size. These studies have been particularly important in primates. The platyrrhine radiation is an ideal system in which to study inner ear diversification because it is one of the major groups of living primates and an example of an adaptive radiation related to body size and ecological characteristics. In this work, we used micro-tomography, 3D geometric morphometrics, and phylogenetic comparative methods to explore the pattern of shape variation in the inner ear of platyrrhines and to assess whether this variation is related to size, locomotion, and vocalization. Our main results suggest that (1) diversification of inner ear morphology was achieved early in the radiation, particularly for the shape of the semicircular canals and the relative size of the cochlea; (2) inner ear shape diversification is generally not associated with changes in vocalization features or locomotion behaviors; and (3) conversely, body size is a strong predictor of inner ear shape. This last result contrasts with recent studies indicating that allometry has weak effects on platyrrhine cranial diversification and suggests complex factors driving inner ear diversification in the clade.
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Data Availability
The morphometric data and chrono-phylogenetic tree for the species are available in electronic supplementary material, Datafiles S1 and S2. No human skulls were used in this work.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. A. de Oliveira (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and M. de Vivo (Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil) for granting us access to the platyrrhine skeletal collections under their care. We also thank to G. Cassini, N. Toledo, and S. Vizcaíno for inviting us to participate in this tribute to L.B. Radinsky within the framework of the Symposium: “El paradigma de correlación forma función en mastozoología: un tributo a Leonard Radinsky (1937–1985),” which took place during the XXXI Jornadas Argentinas de Mastozoología, in La Rioja, Argentina, October 25, 2018. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for the comments that improved the quality of this paper. This research was supported by Grants from the FONCyT (grant number PICT-2014-1810), CONICET (grant number PIP-2014-0603), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo.
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S.I.P., L.A. and S.F.d.R. conceived the study. J.d.R., T.M.P.d.S and R.T.L. collected image and morphometric data. J.d.R., L.A. and S.I.P. analysed morphometric data. J.d.R., L.A., S.F.d.R. and S.I.P. interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
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del Rio, J., Aristide, L., dos Reis, S.F. et al. Allometry, Function and Shape Diversification in the Inner Ear of Platyrrhine Primates. J Mammal Evol 28, 135–143 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09490-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09490-9