Abstract
Micromechanics damage models applied to composites predict stresses and strains in the matrix and fibers as a function of the microstructure, constituting phases mechanical properties and load histories. Material parameters, like interface properties, are identified through inverse methods based on macroscopic stress-strain curves. Predictions are also benchmarked against macroscopic measurements. This situation does not capture local phenomena and hinders the robustness of the indentification/validation process. The purpose of this work is to provide full displacement and strain fields at the scale of a single fibre embedded into a matrix to allow the modelling community to either develop and identify micromechanics damage models or to benchmark their own predictions. Such data is critically lacking in the community. To that end, we have investigated three single fibers having radically different bonding strength with epoxy in addition to a bundle of about a hundred carbon fibers that were used as reinforcements of standard “dogbone” epoxy specimens. A laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) is used for micro digital image correlation (μDIC) during in-situ quasi-static tests of single-reinforcement dogbone specimens. For all specimens, damage initiated with fiber debonding at the free surface along the tensile direction. The crack then propagates around the interface while slightly growing along the fiber. The interfacial crack is shown to grow faster for couples with weak interfacial bonding. Strong fiber / matrix bonding is shown to stop Mode II transverse interfacial debonding which significantly delays specimen failure. Analysis of the LSCM micrographs with μDIC is used to provide measurements of displacements, strains, and measure depth during each test. The importance of out of plane displacements in interfacial debonding is highlighted. Out of plane displacement is shown to play a role in interfacial crack opening and growth and ought to be considered when studying or modeling damage in FRCs. μDIC is shown to be a promising technique to provide a better understanding of the damage mechanisms at the fiber or bundle scales and to determine interfacial toughness of a specific fibre / matrix couple in order to perform accurate damage modeling in FRCs. Displacement, strain, and confidence field results for each pixel from each experiment and at each time step are also provided in an extensive data package for detailed comparison with simulation results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Talreja R, Veer Singh C (2012) Damage and failure of composite materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press edition
Ageorges C, Friedrich K, Schüller T, Lauke B (1999) Single-fibre Broutman test: fibre–matrix interface transverse debonding. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 30:1423–1434
Pagano NJ (1998) On the micromechanical failure modes in a class of ideal brittle matrix composites. Part 1. Coated-fiber composites. Compos Part B: Eng 29:93–119
Romanowicz M (2010) Progressive failure analysis of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymers with inhomogeneous interphase and randomly distributed fibers under transverse tensile loading. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 41:1829–1838
Hashin Z (1987) Analysis of damage in composite materials. In: Boehler JP (ed) Yielding, damage, and failure of anisotropic solids, vol 5. EGF Publication Edition
Hinton MJ, Kaddour AS, Soden PD (2004) Chapter 1.1 - the world-wide failure exercise: its origin, concept and content. In: Hinton MJ, Kaddour AS, Soden PD (eds) Failure criteria in fibre-reinforced-polymer composites. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 2–28
Kaddour A, Hinton M (2013) Maturity of 3d failure criteria for fibre-reinforced composites: comparison between theories and experiments: Part B of WWFE-II, maturity of 3d failure criteria for fibre-reinforced composites: Comparison between theories and experiments: Part B of WWFE-II. J Compos Mater 47:925–966
Christensen RM (2014) The world wide failure exercise II examination of results - FailureCriteria.com
Shao J, Rudnicki J (2000) A microcrack-based continuous damage model for brittle geomaterials. Mech Mater 32:607–619
Nemat-Nasser S, Hori M (1993) Micromechanics: overall properties of heterogeneous materials. Amsterdam
Sørensen BF, Goutianos S (2014) Mixed mode cohesive law with interface dilatation. Mech Mater 70:76–93
Vernerey FJ, Kabiri M (2014) Adaptive concurrent multiscale model for fracture and crack propagation in heterogeneous media. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering
Sun Z, Zhao L, Chen L, Song Y (2013) Research on failure criterion of composite based on unified macro- and micro-mechanical model. Chin J Aeronaut 26:122–129
Paris F, Correa E, Canas J (2003) Micromechanical view of failure of the matrix in fibrous composite materials. Compos Sci Technol 63:1041–1052
Wright P, Moffat A, Sinclair I, Spearing SM (2010) High resolution tomographic imaging and modelling of notch tip damage in a laminated composite. Compos Sci Technol 70:1444–1452
González C, LLorca J (2007) Mechanical behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymers under transverse compression: microscopic mechanisms and modeling. Compos Sci Technol 67:2795–2806
Burr A, Hild F, Leckie FA (1995) Micro-mechanics and continuum damage mechanics. Arch Appl Mech 65:437–456
Singh CV, Talreja R (2013) A synergistic damage mechanics approach to mechanical response of composite laminates with ply cracks. J Compos Mater 47:2475–2501
Martyniuk K, Sørensen BF, Modregger P, Lauridsen EM (2013) 3d in situ observations of glass fibre/matrix interfacial debonding. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 55:63–73
Zhuang L, Pupurs A, Varna J, Talreja R, Ayadi Z (2018) Effects of inter-fiber spacing on fiber-matrix debond crack growth in unidirectional composites under transverse loading. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 109:463–471
Meurs PFM, Schrauwen BAG, Schreurs PJG, Peijs T (1998) Determination of the interfacial normal strength using single fibre model composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 29:1027–1034
Perrier A, Touchard F, Chocinski-Arnault L, Mellier D (2016) Mechanical behaviour analysis of the interface in single hemp yarn composites: DIC measurements and FEM calculations. Polym Test 52:1–8
Thomason JL, Yang L, Bryce D, Minty R (2016) An exploration of the relationship of chemical and physical parameters in the micromechanical characterisation of the apparent interfacial strength in glass fibre epoxy systems. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 139:012048
Canal L, González C, Molina-Aldareguía J, Segurado J, LLorca J. (2012) Application of digital image correlation at the microscale in fiber-reinforced composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 43:1630–1638
Mehdikhani M, Aravand M, Sabuncuoglu B, Callens MG, Lomov SV, Gorbatikh L (2016) Full-field strain measurements at the micro-scale in fiber-reinforced composites using digital image correlation. Compos Struct 140:192–201
Richefeu V, Chrysochoos A, Huon V, Monerie Y, Peyroux R, Wattrisse B (2012) Toward local identification of cohesive zone models using digital image correlation. Europ J Mech- A/Solids 34:38–51
Sakanashi Y, Gungor S, Forsey A, Bouchard P (2017) Measurement of creep deformation across welds in 316h stainless steel using digital image correlation. Exp Mech 57:231–244
D20 Committee, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, Technical Report, ASTM International, (2010)
Petr Hlaváček JB (2012) Using of abrasive water jet for measurement of residual stress in railway wheels. Tehnicki Vjesnik 19:387–390
Awan IS, Xiaoqun W, Pengcheng H, Shanyi D (2012) Developing an approach to calculate carbon fiber surface energy using molecular simulation and its application to real carbon fibers. J Compos Mater 46:707–715
Guo S-Z, Gosselin F, Guerin N, Lanouette A-M, Heuzey M-C, Therriault D (2013) Solvent-cast three-dimensional printing of multifunctional microsystems. Small 9:4118–4122
Plummer J (2014) What makes epoxy resins good adhesives? Why do they bond so strongly to surfaces? Technical Report, Mereco Technologies, Londonderry, NH 03053
Pizzi A, Mittal KL (eds) (2003) Handbook of adhesive technology, 2nd edn. M. Dekker, New York. Rev and expanded edition
Parlevliet PP, Bersee HEN, Beukers A (2006) Residual stresses in thermoplastic composites—a study of the literature—part I: formation of residual stresses. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 37:1847–1857
Rong X, Keif M A study of PLA printability with flexography
Borodin AN, Sologubov AI, Chernenko LA, Zolkin PI, Aberyahimov HM, Grigoriev GA (1991) The influence of carbon fibre surface energy on their interfacial interaction with resins. In: Fridlyander IN, Kostikov VI (eds) MICC 90: Moscow international composites conference, 1990. Springer, Netherlands, pp 464–468
Sutton MA, Orteu J-J, Schreier HW (2009) Image correlation for shape, motion and deformation measurements: basic concepts, theory and applications. Springer
Correlated S (2010) Vic-3D help manual correlated solutions
Ins RB (2017) Olympic scientific solutions americas, laser confocal microscopy, challenging the limits of measuring surface roughness
Tabiai I, Delorme R, Therriault D, Levesque M (2018) In-situ full field measurements during inter-facial debonding in single fiber composite under transverse load. Experimental Mechanics
Prolongo SG, Gude MR, Ureña A (2010) The curing process of epoxy/amino-functionalized MWCNTs: calorimetry, molecular modelling, and electron microscopy. J Nanotechnol 2010:1–11
Abdel-Raheem NA, Halim SF, Al-Khoribi AH (2018) The effect of different curing conditions on hardness, thickness, and residual stress of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 52:1959–1970
Ho S, Suo Z (1993) Tunneling cracks in constrained layers. J Appl Mech 60:890–894
Tabiai I, Texier D, Bocher P, Therriault D, Lévesque M (2018) Additional data for “In-situ full field out of plane displacement and strain measurements at the micro-scale in single reinforcement composites under transverse load. Type: dataset
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tabiai, I., Texier, D., Bocher, P. et al. In-situ Full Field Out of Plane Displacement and Strain Measurements at the Micro-Scale in Single Reinforcement Composites under Transverse Load. Exp Mech 60, 359–377 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-019-00541-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-019-00541-z