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Release of adsorbed ferulic acid in simulated gastrointestinal conditions

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Abstract

Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural antioxidant with limited absorption when conjugated with biomolecules but whose free form is readily absorbed in the stomach and, to a lesser extent, in the ileum. The latter suffers from inflammation and oxidative stress, so a novel strategy for the delivery of FA in this compartment of the gastrointestinal tract was developed. Using the neutral un-functionalized resin Lewatit® VP OC 1064 MD PH, under optimized conditions, a loading of 144 mg FA/g of dry resin was obtained. By means of an in vitro simulated digestion, an average release of 32 mg FA/g of dry loaded resin (recovery of 22%) was observed in intestinal conditions. The incorporation/release of FA onto/from the resin was confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and by HPLC-DAD. This work showed that the free form of FA can effectively be delivered in the small intestine, after immobilization in solid matrices.

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Abbreviations

ATR-FTIR:

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared

C0 :

Initial concentration

CA:

Caffeic acid

Ce :

Concentration at equilibrium

ChA:

5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid

Cr :

Concentration of released ferulic acid

FA:

Ferulic acid

GI:

Gastrointestinal

HCA(s):

Hydroxycinnamic acid(s)

HPLC-DAD:

High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection

Lewatit:

Lewatit® VP OC 1064 MD PH

m :

Mass of resin

pCA:

p-Coumaric acid

q e :

Amount of compound adsorbed for unit mass of adsorbent

q r :

Amount of ferulic acid released from the resin

SA:

Sinapic acid

V :

Volume of solution

V r :

Volume of simulated medium

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge LANXESS, Germany, for providing the resin Lewatit® VP OC 1064 MD PH. David Quintal is also acknowledged for the artwork. This work was part of the master’s dissertation of G.N.M.

Funding

This study was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (CQM Project PEstOE/QUI/UI0674/2019, Portuguese Government funds, by Madeira 14–20 Program, project PROEQUIPRAM—Reforço do Investimento em Equipamentos e Infraestruturas Científicas na RAM (M1420-01–0145-FEDER-000008) and by ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, through the project M1420-01–0145-FEDER-000005—Centro de Química da Madeira—CQM + (Madeira 14–20 Program).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal

    Gonçalo N. Martins, Vítor Spínola & Paula C. Castilho

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  1. Gonçalo N. Martins
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  2. Vítor Spínola
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  3. Paula C. Castilho
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Contributions

GNM did the experimental work. VS helped with the chromatographic analyses and with the gastrointestinal digestion simulation, statistical analysis, and manuscript revision. GNM and PCC contributed for the analysis and discussion of results and writing of the manuscript. PCC coordinated the work and did the final revision of the manuscript. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Paula C. Castilho.

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Martins, G.N., Spínola, V. & Castilho, P.C. Release of adsorbed ferulic acid in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Eur Food Res Technol 246, 1297–1306 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03489-w

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