Abstract
There exists an index theory to classify strictly local quantum cellular automata in one dimension (Fidkowski et al. in Interacting invariants for Floquet phases of fermions in two dimensions, 2017. arXiv:1703.07360; Gross et al. in Commun Math Phys 310(2):419–454, 2012; Po et al. in Phys Rev B 96: 245116, 2017). We consider two classification questions. First, we study to what extent this index theory can be applied in higher dimensions via dimensional reduction, finding a classification by the first homology group of the manifold modulo torsion. Second, in two dimensions, we show that an extension of this index theory (including torsion) fully classifies quantum cellular automata, at least in the absence of fermionic degrees of freedom. This complete classification in one and two dimensions by index theory is not expected to extend to higher dimensions due to recent evidence of a nontrivial automaton in three dimensions (Haah et al. in Nontrivial quantum cellular automata in higher dimensions, 2018. arXiv:1812.01625). Finally, we discuss some group theoretical aspects of the classification of quantum cellular automata and consider these automata on higher dimensional real projective spaces.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arrighi, P., Nesme, V., Werner, R.: Unitarity plus causality implies localizability. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 77(2), 372–378 (2011)
Browder, W.: Structures on m\(\times \) r. Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 61, 337–345 (1965)
Brown, M.: Locally flat imbeddings of topological manifolds. Ann. Math. 75, 331–341 (1962)
Fidkowski, L., Po, H.C., Potter, A.C., Vishwanath, A.: Interacting invariants for Floquet phases of fermions in two dimensions (2017). arXiv:1703.07360
Freedman, M.H., Haah, J., Hastings, M.B.: The group structure of quantum cellular automata (2019). arXiv:1910.07998
Gross, D., Nesme, V., Vogts, H., Werner, R.F.: Index theory of one dimensional quantum walks and cellular automata. Commun. Math. Phys. 310(2), 419–454 (2012)
Haah, J., Fidkowski, L., Hastings, M.B.: Nontrivial quantum cellular automata in higher dimensions (2018). arXiv:1812.01625
Hastings, M.B.: Classifying quantum phases with the Kirby torus trick. Phys. Rev. B 88, 16 (2013)
Kitaev, A., Lebedev, V., Feigel’man, M.: Periodic table for topological insulators and superconductors. AIP Conf. Proc. 1134, 22 (2009)
Milnor, J.: On manifolds homeomorphic to the 7-sphere. Ann. Math. 64(2), 399–405 (1956)
Po, H.C., Fidkowski, L., Vishwanath, A., Potter, A.C.: Radical chiral floquet phases in a periodically driven Kitaev model and beyond. Phys. Rev. B 96, 245116 (2017)
Selberg, A.: On discontinuous groups in higher-dimensional symmetric space. In: Contribution to Function Theory, Bombay (1960)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by H. T. Yau
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Freedman, M., Hastings, M.B. Classification of Quantum Cellular Automata. Commun. Math. Phys. 376, 1171–1222 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-020-03735-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-020-03735-y