Abstract
Reconstructing bomb trajectories resulting from Strombolian activity can provide insights into near-surface dynamics of the conduit system. Typically, the high number of bombs involved represents a challenge for both automatic and manual bomb identification and tracking methods. Here, we present a method for the automated recognition of hundreds of bombs (100 to 400 depending on the explosion observed) and for the reconstruction of their trajectories in time and 3D space by stereophotogrammetry. The data involve video collected at 30 Hz with two synchronised cameras (Basler 1300-30), separated by 11°, targeting explosions at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy) in September–October 2012. In total, six data sets were collected for emissions lasting less than 15 s. The 3D reconstructions provided more accurate velocity estimations (error < 10%) than 2D analyses (errors up to 90–100% for bombs moving parallel to the line of sight of the camera). By coupling the measured trajectories with a numerical ballistic model, we show that the method can be used to estimate the directional distribution of bombs and their velocities at the vent (which in this case was 30–130 m s−1), the wind velocity (~ 3.5 m s−1 from the NW) and the drag coefficients (10−3.5 − 10−0.5) of the bombs. The 3D reconstructions also provide a quantification of the directions of explosions and show that explosions can be radial, oriented in a predominant direction of ejection or in several directions; these dispersion patterns can change during a few seconds in a single explosion. We relate the changing directions of ejections to rheological variations in the upper part of the magmatic system probably filled with a mixture of partially crystallised magma which can direct rising slugs along preferential paths.
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Acknowledgements
We thank JL Piro for sharing his experience on camera synchronisation and F Jabet, director of the Airylab company (http://airylab.fr/), for his readiness to help and for having modified the Genika trigger software for our needs. We thank S. Valade, M. Bombrun, G. Sawyer, C. Hervier, the Italian DPC and Helijet for their help in the field. The manuscript was improved by the relevant comments of two anonymous reviewers and of the Associate Editor, M. R. James.
Funding
The multidisciplinary mission was funded by the Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc (contribution number 393), the Chaire d’Excellence de la region Auvergne and the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand. The development of the stereoscopic system was funded by the Volcanology group at the Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans.
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Editorial responsibility: M.R. James; Deputy Executive Editor: J. Tadeucci
Electronic supplementary material
Numerical codes (ESM-1), movies (ESM-3 and ESM-4), explanations (ESM-2) and images sequences of camera 1 and 2 can be downloaded from the OPGC (Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand) website: http://opgc.fr/SO/televolc/stereovolc/data/Stromboli/Codes&data.html
ESM 1
simplified versions of the codes used and sample images to explain the method (2 Mo). The codes are written in Matlab and compatible with the free software Octave. Images sequences needed by the codes must be download here (80 Mo): http://opgc.fr/SO/televolc/stereovolc/data/Stromboli/Codes&data.html. (ZIP 1762 kb).
ESM 2
list and description of the codes of ESM-1 and details of the numerical model. (PDF 1101 kb).
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Kelfoun, K., Harris, A., Bontemps, M. et al. A method for 3D reconstruction of volcanic bomb trajectories. Bull Volcanol 82, 34 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-1372-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-1372-z