1 Introduction

Image processing is becoming an increasingly effective measurement technique useful to automatically ensure whether different types of wood products conform to set specifications or not (e.g., Laszewicz et al. 2013; Kurek et al. 2017). Traditional methods of quality control (e.g., subjective visual inspection) are usually slow, expensive, and prone to human error and bias. During melamine-faced MDF machining, the main problem in terms of quality is delamination. Objective delamination monitoring requires the adoption of some kind of delamination factor. This is not a new issue. For example, Lemaster et al. (2000) determined the average number of chips in 25 mm sections. Szwajka and Trzepieciński (2017) used the quotient between the surface area of the delaminated zone and the length of the cut.

The main purpose of this paper was to show that image processing can be used in automatic quality control systems for furniture manufacturing. In addition, it was analyzed whether up or down milling of melamine-faced MDF is more beneficial from the quality point of view.

2 Materials and methods

The research was carried out using a standard CNC router, one knife cutter head (40 mm in diameter) and ten exchangeable carbide knives. The experimental workpieces (made of commercial, 16-mm-thick, white melamine-faced MDF) were samples measuring 160 × 100mm², with a groove, 5 mm deep and 40 mm wide, milled in each of them. The cutting parameters were a spindle speed of 18000 rpm and feed rate of 2.7 m/min. All the knives were gradually worn in a way that reflected normal exploitation in real industrial conditions, i.e., the machining of various wood-based materials. At some intervals, this exploitation was interrupted in order to measure the flank wear (VB) using a microscope (Mitutoyo TM-500). Next, the knife was used in the experimental setup to groove in experimental workpieces. This way, nine series of experimental workpieces were grooved using each of the ten knives, with five workpieces per each series. The delamination factor was calculated for each experimental workpiece (separately for up and down milling) as the quotient between the surface area of the delaminated zone and the length of the groove. Image analysis was used to find out the aforementioned surface area. The algorithm was as follows:

  1. 1

    Scanning a sample

  2. 2

    Taking two sub-images (each presenting one edge of cutting)

  3. 3

    Classifying pixels as inner or outer for each sub-image

  4. 4

    Computing an expected (theoretic) borderline between them

  5. 5

    Localizing the edge of cutting

  6. 6

    Calculating a geometric integral as the area of delamination.

The first step was the scanning (600 dpi) of the samples using a standard office scanner. For a better understanding of the next step (detection of the irregular border of the delamination zone), one should remember that the value of a pixel (the smallest element of digital picture) is a mean value of the light. The consequence is that pixels located on the border of the delamination zone had values that range between the value of pixels of two different areas (white melamine and raw MDF). A white melamine (pixels outside the delamination zone) was not equal in value to a “white” color, but more importantly, it was also uneven – the values were slightly different for each pixel. The raw MDF (pixels inside the delamination zone) was even more uneven in terms of value. Fortunately, the inner material was visibly darker than the outer one. This knowledge allowed finding a threshold value that worked properly for all of the analyzed images. It is worth emphasizing that sample scanning, scan archiving, file analysis and creation of the output files (reports) were all automatic procedures. The only non-automated activity was the manual transfer of workpieces from the CNC router to the scanner.

3 Results and discussion

Exemplary results of delamination factor monitoring are shown in Fig. 1. Each marker (in this case, a plus sign and x) in these graphs represents the average delamination factor value calculated for one groove edge. The delamination factor increased significantly with increasing tool wear. However, the increase was not very regular.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Effect of tool wear on delamination factor observed for knife no. 5

Full size image

Initially, the general correlation between delamination factor observed for the up and down milling was tested. The strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.88) suggests that the cutting mode did not have a statistically significant impact on the machining quality. On the other hand, though, it turned out that for small (0 ≤ VB < 0.1 mm) and moderate (0.1 ≤ VB < 0.15 mm) tool wear the conventional cutting was much more favorable than climb cutting (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Effect of cutting mode (conventional vs. climb) on the mean values of delamination factor for different tool wear ranges (the range 0.25 ≤ VB < 0.3 has been skipped due to the accidental gap in experimental data)

Full size image

It was a statistically significant effect (p-value < 0.01). This fact confirms the conclusion by Lemaster et al. (2000) for melamine-coated particleboard routing. On the other hand, the climb cutting (instead of conventional cutting) was definitely recommended by Davim (2013) and Darmawan et al. (2018), who analyzed raw MDF and pine wood (respectively) machining quality.

4 Conclusion

Image processing turned out to be a very effective way of delamination factor monitoring. For small (VB < 0.1 mm) and moderate (0.1 ≤ VB < 0.15 mm) tool wear, up milling was much more favorable than down milling (from the quality point of view). For more advanced tool wear, there was no statistically significant difference between conventional and climb milling.