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Losses of Soil Organic Carbon with Deforestation in Mangroves of Madagascar

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Abstract

Global mangrove deforestation has resulted in substantial CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, but the extent of emissions from soil organic carbon (C) loss remains difficult to assess. Here, we sampled five intact and five deforested mangrove plots from Tsimipaika Bay, Madagascar, to examine the loss of soil C in the 10 years since deforestation. We estimated tree biomass and analyzed grain size, 210Pb activities, organic C and total nitrogen (N) and their stable isotopes in soils as well as dissolved organic C in surface waters. Deforested soils revealed evidence of disturbance in the upper 14 g cm−2 (~40 cm) when compared to reference intact soils, indicated by lower porosity, higher dry bulk density, an order of magnitude higher soil mixing and loss of C and N despite no significant soil erosion. Although C loss from biomass was unequivocal and was estimated at 130 Mg C ha−1, the C loss from soils was more difficult to assess given the large heterogeneity of intact forest soils. We estimated that the loss of C due to mangrove clearing and soil exposure over 10 years was equivalent to about 20% of the upper meter soil C stock, and about 45% of the C stock accumulated during the last century. Soil C loss rate was 4.5 times higher than the C sequestration rate in reference intact soils. These results emphasize the importance of mangrove conservation for CO2 emissions mitigation, as they suggest that deforestation-C losses will take substantially longer to offset with mangrove restoration.

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Data Availability

Data supporting the findings of this study (DBD, water content, grains size distribution, C and N contents, δ13C and δ15N, 210Pb and DOC) are available at https://ddd.uab.cat/record/216456 with the identifier https://doi.org/10.5565/ddd.uab.cat/216456

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Blue Ventures team in Madagascar and Samantha Ridgway and Gloria Salgado from Edith Cowan University for their help in the field and laboratory work. Funding was provided to PM and JGO by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant 2017 SGR-1588) and to PM through an Australian Research Council LIEF Project (LE170100219). Funding was provided to MH and CBN through a South African NRF Research Development grant (Grant No: 105724). Blue Ventures was funded by the GEF Blue Forests Project. This work is contributing to the ICTA “Unit of Excellence” (MinECo, MDM2015-0552). The IAEA is grateful for the support provided to its Environment Laboratories by the Government of the Principality of Monaco. AA-O was supported by “Obra Social la Caixa” (LCF/BQ/ES14/10320004) and by the NOAA C&GC Postdoctoral Fellowship Program administered by UCAR-CPAESS under award #NA18NWS4620043B.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain

    Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Pere Masqué & Jordi Garcia-Orellana

  2. Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

    Ariane Arias-Ortiz

  3. School of Science and Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia

    Pere Masqué

  4. Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain

    Pere Masqué & Jordi Garcia-Orellana

  5. International Atomic Energy, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco

    Pere Masqué

  6. Blue Ventures Conservation, Villa Bella Fiharena, Rue Gambetta, Lot 269, Toliara, 601, Madagascar

    Leah Glass, Lisa Benson, Ismaël Ratefinjanahary & Jaona Ravelonjatovo

  7. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, NR33 OHT, UK

    Lisa Benson

  8. Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK

    Hilary Kennedy

  9. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia

    Carlos M. Duarte

  10. School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA

    Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson

  11. Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Marc S. Humphries

  12. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia

    Catherine E. Lovelock

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  1. Ariane Arias-Ortiz
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Correspondence to Ariane Arias-Ortiz.

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Authors Contributions

CEL, PM, LB, LG and AA-O designed the study; AA-O, IR, JR and LG conducted field work; HK, LB, AA-O and PM analyzed the data; JGO and CMD assisted in data interpretation. CRB-N and MSH provided DOC data and assisted in interpretation. AA-O led the writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication. Sponsors had no involvement in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

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Arias-Ortiz, A., Masqué, P., Glass, L. et al. Losses of Soil Organic Carbon with Deforestation in Mangroves of Madagascar. Ecosystems 24, 1–19 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00500-z

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