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Biocrusts Modulate Responses of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Soil Fluxes to Simulated Climate Change in a Mediterranean Dryland

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Abstract

Little is known about the role of biocrusts in regulating the responses of N2O and CH4 fluxes to climate change in drylands. Here, we aim to help filling this knowledge gap by using an 8-year field experiment in central Spain where temperature and rainfall are being manipulated (~ 1.9°C warming, 33% rainfall reduction and their combination) in areas with and without well-developed biocrust communities. Areas with initial high cover of well-developed biocrusts showed lower N2O emissions, enhanced CH4 uptake and higher abundances of functional genes linked to N2O and CH4 fluxes compared with areas with poorly developed biocrusts. Moreover, biocrusts modulated the responses of gases emissions and related functional genes to warming and rainfall reductions. Specifically, we found under rainfall exclusion and its combination with warming a sharp reduction in N2O fluxes (~ 96% and ~ 197%, respectively) only under well-developed biocrust cover. Warming and its combination with rainfall exclusion reduced CH4 consumption in areas with initial low cover of well-developed biocrust, whereas rainfall exclusion enhanced CH4 uptake only in areas with high initial cover of well-developed biocrusts. Similarly, the combination of warming and rainfall exclusion increased the abundance of the nosZ gene compared to the rainfall exclusion treatment and increased the abundance of the pmoA gene compared to the control, but only in areas with low biocrust cover. Taken together, our results indicate that well-developed biocrust communities could counteract the impact of warming and altered rainfall patterns on soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, highlighting their importance and the need to preserve them to minimize climate change impacts on drylands.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Daniel Encinar, Beatriz Gozalo, Miriam Navarro and Victoria Ochoa, for their help with field campaigns, Ana Ros, Chanda Trivedi and Pankaj Trivedi for their help with laboratory analyses and David S-Pescador for his help with the processing of raw data. A. L. is supported by a FPI fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-067831). M.D-B. acknowledges support from the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-MSCA-IF-2016 under REA Grant Agreement No. 702057 (CLIMIFUN) and the BES Grant Agreement No. LRA17\1193 (MUSGONET). J.D acknowledges support from the Fundação para Ciência e Tecnologia (IF/00950/2014) and the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and COMPETE 2020 (UID/BIA/04004/2013). This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Grant Agreements 242658 [BIOCOM] and 647038 [BIODESERT]), by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIOMOD project, ref. CGL2013-44661-R and AGL2015-64582-C3-3-R project) and by the Comunidad de Madrid and European Structural and Investment Funds (AGRISOST-CM S2013/ABI-2717). F.T.M. acknowledges support from Generalitat Valenciana (BIOMORES project, ref. CIDEGENT/2018/041). B.K.S research on the topic of biodiversity and ecosystem functions is funded by Australian Research Council (DP170104634).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Spain

    Angela Lafuente

  2. Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal

    Jorge Durán

  3. Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain

    Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo & Antonio Gallardo

  4. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Jaime Recio

  5. Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Jaime Recio

  6. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia

    Brajesh K. Singh

  7. Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC, New South Wales, 2751, Australia

    Brajesh K. Singh

  8. Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

    Fernando T. Maestre

  9. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

    Fernando T. Maestre

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  1. Angela Lafuente
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  3. Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
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  7. Fernando T. Maestre
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Correspondence to Angela Lafuente.

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FTM set up the experiment, designed the field study and wrote the grant that founded the work. AL and JD conducted the fieldwork. AL and JR processed data. BKS provided the facilities for molecular analyses. AL conducted the statistical analyses with the help of JD, MD-B and AG. All authors contributed to data interpretation and manuscript writing.

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Lafuente, A., Durán, J., Delgado-Baquerizo, M. et al. Biocrusts Modulate Responses of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Soil Fluxes to Simulated Climate Change in a Mediterranean Dryland. Ecosystems 23, 1690–1701 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00497-5

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