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Elevated Temperature Homogeneous Liquid Phase Extraction Coupled to Ionic Liquid–Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Application of Water-Miscible Ionic Liquids as Extraction Solvent in Determination of Carbamate Pesticides

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Abstract

In the present study, an elevated temperature homogeneous liquid extraction coupled with ionic liquid‑based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed to extract five carbamate pesticides (pirimicarb, carbaryl, methiocarb, aldicarb, and carbofuran) from packed fruit juice samples. The method consisted of a two-step procedure in which cyclohexylamine was used in order to extract the target analytes. In the first step, the analytes were extracted from a sample solution thermostated at elevated temperature (80 °C) into a water-immiscible organic solvent (cyclohexylamine). In the second step, the separated organic phase was mixed with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (as the solvent for extraction) and the mixture was spread into deionized water. In this step, cyclohexylamine controlled the solubility of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in the aqueous phase and acted as a dispersive solvent and a phase separation agent, simultaneously. After centrifugation, we removed all the gathered organic phases and analyzed them by using high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector. Figure of merits of the method including the limits of detection and quantification, enrichment factors, extraction recoveries, and relative standard deviations were obtained within ranges 0.4–3.9 and 1.5–13.2 ng mL−1, 147–217, 59–87%, and 3.3–5.5%, respectively, indicating that the method was successful in determining the analytes.

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Abbreviations

EF:

Enrichment factor

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

LR:

Linear range

LOD:

Limit of detection

IL:

Ionic liquid

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

ER:

Extraction recovery

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Research Council of the Tabriz University of Medical Science for financial support as grant No. 623110 with ethical code of IR.TBZMED.REC.1396.872.

Funding

Mohammadali Torbati has received research grants from the Tabriz University of Medical Science.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Sanaz Ahmadzadeh Anvar & Mohammadali Torbati

  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  3. Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  4. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

  5. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Sanaz Ahmadzadeh Anvar
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  2. Mohammadali Torbati
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  3. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  4. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mohammadali Torbati or Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam.

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Conflict of Interest

Sanaz Ahmadzadeh Anvar declares that she has no conflict of interest. Mohammadali Torbati declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mir Ali Farajzadeh declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Ahmadzadeh Anvar, S., Torbati, M., Farajzadeh, M.A. et al. Elevated Temperature Homogeneous Liquid Phase Extraction Coupled to Ionic Liquid–Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Application of Water-Miscible Ionic Liquids as Extraction Solvent in Determination of Carbamate Pesticides. Food Anal. Methods 13, 1282–1291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01742-2

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