Combined effects of emodin and Clostridium butyricum on growth and non-specific immunity of giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Introduction
Global fish utilization and aquaculture have expanded in the late decades, and this industry is one of the quickest developing creature sustenance delivering sectors (Beltrán et al., 2018). Disease outbreaks rise proportionally with increasing intensive aquaculture (Zhong et al., 2018). The use of antibiotics to treat disease outbreaks, aquatic species has been banned worldwide because it can accumulate in their tissues and give an increase to resistant bacteria (Binh et al., 2018; Zhong et al., 2018). In this manner, disease aversion is significant to support reasonable aquaculture, both environmentally and economically. Prophylactic methods based on stimulation of the fish immune system have been successfully used for this purpose and have become an integrated part of the management of modern aquaculture processes. At present, the main prophylactic measures available for farmed fish include vaccination, probiotics, herbal plants, and immunostimulant (An et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2017b; Wang et al., 2018). Emodin has been underscored as an eco-friendly option due to the anti-infection in aquaculture, mainly in shrimps gave various attention to beat the impediments and reactions of anti-infection agents and different medications, and prompted high generation through upgraded growth (Wang et al., 2018). Emodin is a significant bioactive compound from plants that have pharmacological properties on inflammation (An et al., 2016), anti-oxidant (Zhao et al., 2017) and immunity regulation (Zhang et al., 2014). It prompted an expansion in nonspecific invulnerability and infection resistance (Liu et al., 2010b). Clostridium butyricum is best described as a Gram-positive, endospore-shaping and commit anaerobic probiotic that can give short-chain unsaturated fats, particularly butyric corrosive for the recovery and fix of the digestive system epithelium, and a guideline of digestive system sound miniaturized scale natural environment (Duan et al., 2018). Thus far, C. butyricum has been shown to act as an immunostimulant (Dawood et al., 2018) and could provide protection against Vibrio spp. (Sumon et al., 2018) and prevent stress (Duan et al., 2017a, Duan et al., 2017b). Furthermore, it was reported that the administration of the combined effects of probiotics and herbal plants indicated the significantly better growth, meat quality and antibacterial effect than the individual application in broiler chickens (Duskaev et al., 2018), swamp buffalo (Mahyuddin and Widiawati, 2009) and human (Shipradeep et al., 2012), respectively.
Fish immunity is strongly associated with cytokines, for instance, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ) (Gupta et al., 2018; Devi et al., 2019). Relish plays a key role in regulating the insusceptible reaction (Adeoye et al., 2016; Sukumaran et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2018). It is reckoned that relish transcription factors play critical roles in the induction and regulation of innate immune response in organisms (Ge et al., 2015). Notwithstanding, there is no published information concerning the combined effects of emodin and C. butyricum on growth and non-specific immunity of prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Giant prawns, M. rosenbergii are freshwater living macroura species. Their anatomy and saltwater inhabitance cause them to contrast from shrimps (Shipradeep et al., 2012; Devi et al., 2019) and embrace as one of the significant attractive structures developed in numerous freshwater bodies in America, Japan, China, and Africa for aquaculture. The species mentioned above are outstanding for their subtle, sensitive flavor, and sweet substance (Chen et al., 2017). In any case, because of the expanded misuse and numerous other anthropogenic anxieties, including ecological contamination, prawns that grow in natural and culture habitat are consistently presented to the different concoction and organic pressure factors (Shipradeep et al., 2012; Dawood et al., 2018). It is similar to other aquatic organisms, M. rosenbergii is influenced by various physical, chemical, and biological factors (Pillai and Bonami, 2012; Kumaresan et al., 2017), which have caused significant economic losses. In this manner, it is very dire to locate a protected and successful method to avert, as well as control the risk of this species. Consequently, the present study examines for the first time the combined effects of emodin and C. butyricum on growth and non-specific immunity of prawns, M. rosenbergii as well as the other species sharing the same feeding habit.
Section snippets
Ethics statement
Nanjing Agricultural University's Animal Care and Use Committee (Nanjing, China) endorsed this research. The Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in China were followed in all animal processes (permit number: SYXK (Su) 2011-0036).
Experimental design and diet
Emodin (containing 99% emodin extracted from the rhubarb) was supplied by Jubang Plant Material Co., Ltd. (Xi'an, China) and C. butyricum (2 × 107 CFU/g) was sourced from Jiangsu Suwei Microbiology Research Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). Feed formulations
Growth performance
The combined effects of dietary emodin and C. butyricum on growth and feed utilization of the M. rosenbergii are presented in Table 3. WG showed the interactive response to the effects of emodin and C. butyricum with the highest value observed in the prawn fed a diet containing 250/50C. butyricum and emodin, respectively (P < .05). Besides, final body weight, WG, and SGR of prawns treated with 250/0C. butyricum were considerably higher compared to the control treatment in terms of C. butyricum (
Discussion
In aquaculture, the use of natural immunostimulants is a promising practice in the counteractive action and control of fish since it is biocompatible, biodegradable, and gives a safe environment to the host body. The utilization of herbal plants and probiotics has offered an eco-accommodating prophylactic method and is a possible critical option in contrast to chemotherapy and immunization. This gives expanded disease resistance and improves innate immunity by activating cytokine gene
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study provides evidence that dietary 250 mg/kg C. butyricum and 50 mg/kg emodin improves the weight gain and reduces FCR, elevates the levels of TNF-α and IL-1, and the mRNA level of relish with significant interactions of C. butyricum and emodin. These results can be correlated with the increased growth performance, haemolymph AST activity and TP content, the respiratory burst, INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 and the expression of relish and peroxiredoxin-5 and the decreased
The author statement
Dawit Adisu Tadese: conceptualization and writing-original draft; Cunxin Sun: writing-review & editing; Bo Liu: funding acquisition, supervisionand conceptualization; Rebecca Wangari Muritu, Ngoepe Tlou Kevin: methodology; Qunlan Zhou, Ling Zhu: formal analysis; Huimin Zhang, Liu Bo, Mingyang Liu: investigation; Hongqin Xu: resources.
Declaration of Competin Interest
No conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Project of National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD09002), Science and Technology Innovation of Agriculture in Yangzhou and Gaoyou city (YZ2019031; GY201815), China Agriculture Research System-48 (CARS-48), Three New Projects of Fishery in Jiangsu Province (D2017-04), Project of Green Yang Jinfeng of Leading Talent (2018018) and Project of Six Talent Peaks in Jiangsu Province (NY-174). The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the personnel of
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