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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Bioactivity measurement of commercially pure titanium processed by micro-electric discharge drilling

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This article was retracted on 21 September 2023

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Abstract

The surface modification is a pivotal step in the field of the biomedical implant in order to improve its biomedical characteristics. A number of methods can be adopted to improve surface characteristics like coating, evaporation, sputtering, and ion implantation. The surface of any material can also be improved by machining. In the present work, an electric discharge drilling (EDD) was used for the development of quality holes on any conductive material regardless of its hardness. In the present research, commercially pure titanium (CPTi) was drilled for the development of microhole using the EDD. The effect of microholes on the apatite formation and weight gain was determined. The apatite formation was measured in the presence of simulated body fluid (SBF) after 7, 14, and 21 days of immersion. The temperature and pH during the apatite formation were 37 °C and 7.4, respectively. It was found that after the development of microholes, the quantity of apatite formation increases. On the contrary side on the normal CPTi material (without drilling), an insignificant apatite formation was observed. However, after drilling, the elements of calcium and phosphate were observed ever after 4 days of immersion in SBF. The surface area of the apatite formation increases by 24% after the development of microholes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the microstructure of the drilled surface before and after the immersion of CPTi in SBF. In addition, it was observed that with the increase in the number of holes and immersion period, the apatite formation increases.

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Change history

  • 05 August 2020

    EDITOR'S NOTE: The Editorial team is currently investigating questions raised about figures presented in the Article. We will update readers once we have further information and all parties have been given an opportunity to respond in full.

  • 21 September 2023

    This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12363-4

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Funding

The work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Project [Grant no. 2018YFB2002202].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, 160012, India

    Neeraj Ahuja

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, India

    Neeraj Sharma

  3. Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt

    Hussien Hegab

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, DAV University, Jalandhar, 144012, India

    Rajesh Khanna

  5. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China

    Aqib Mashood Khan

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  1. Neeraj Ahuja
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  2. Neeraj Sharma
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  4. Rajesh Khanna
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  5. Aqib Mashood Khan
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Correspondence to Hussien Hegab.

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This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12363-4

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Ahuja, N., Sharma, N., Hegab, H. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Bioactivity measurement of commercially pure titanium processed by micro-electric discharge drilling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107, 2797–2805 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05224-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05224-x

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