Abstract
Compact clusters and small berry size are the major problems associated with the commercialization of table grapes. The application of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) has been a long-followed practice to overcome these issues. To analyze the molecular response of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes to GA3 treatment, we investigated the metabolomes of its rachises, clusters, and berries, 6 h and 24 h after the treatment. Metabolite profiling using non-targeted metabolomics approach revealed several metabolites, including arginine, proline, tyrosine, kaempferol, resveratrol, catechin, and so on as possible biomarkers of GA3 treatment in grapes. GA3 treatment greatly impacted the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways, and the GA3-mediated alterations in the levels of certain plant growth regulators and primary metabolites were in accordance with important growth and developmental processes in grapes. This study highlights the effect of GA3 on the profiles of certain polyphenols impacting the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways and hence the nutritional aspect of grapes. The results of this study would be useful to develop self-elongating varieties simplifying the grape cultivation.
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Acknowledgements
UJ acknowledges the Junior and Senior Research Fellowships of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. The authors acknowledge Dr. B. Santhakumari (CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, India) for providing the high-resolution Orbitrap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) facility and Dr. Ramya Prashant (CSIR-NCL), Pune, India, for her guidance during the research. Financial support in the form of Department of Biotechnology (DBT) grants (Project Codes: GAP300026 and GAP319026) and National Agricultural Science Fund (NASF), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), India grant (Project Code: GAP311926) to CSIR-NCL are gratefully acknowledged.
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Supplementary file1 (TIF 9855 kb)
Online Resource 1 Phenotypic effects of GA3 treatment on ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes bunch characteristics; (A) 10 mg/L GA3 spray at the rachis stage, (B) 25 mg/L GA3 spray at the cluster stage, and (C) dipping in 25 mg/L GA3 solution at the berry stage.
Supplementary file2 (TIF 2196 kb)
Online Resource 2 OPLS-DA score plots showing a clear separation between control and GA3 treated groups at rachis, cluster, and berry stage samples analyzed using the ESI+ mode. Control versus GA3 treated rachises collected at (A) 6 h time-point, (B) 24 h time-point. Control versus GA3 treated clusters collected at (C) 6 h time-point, (D) 24 h time-point. Control versus GA3 treated berries collected at (E) 6 h time-point and (F) 24 h time-point
Supplementary file3 (TIF 2044 kb)
Online Resource 3 OPLS-DA score plots showing a clear separation between control and GA3 treated groups at rachis, cluster and berry stage samples analyzed using the ESI mode. Control versus GA3 treated rachises collected at (A) 6 h time-point, (B) 24 h time-point. Control versus GA3 treated clusters collected at (C) 6 h time-point, (D) 24 h time-point. Control versus GA3 treated berries collected at (E) 6 h time-point and (F) 24 h time-point
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Jadhav, U., Mundhe, S., Kumar, Y. et al. Gibberellic Acid Induces Unique Molecular Responses in ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapes as Revealed by Non-targeted Metabolomics. J Plant Growth Regul 40, 293–304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10102-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10102-7