Abstract
The ever increasing global warming is affecting both the environment and quality of life. The dependency on the usage of fossil fuels for transportation and power generation sector is harming the environment in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To limit the use of fossil fuel, the world has to move towards a renewable, clean, and economical form of energy. In the transportation sector, the paradigm shift towards electric mobility is a step towards the same goal. For a developing country like Pakistan, due to the lacking charging infrastructure, load shedding of electricity, and high cost of non-renewable electrical energy, a country like Pakistan cannot go dependent on fully electric vehicles (EVs). The country has to shift from normal internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper aims to select the most sustainable HEV in the context of a developing country, Pakistan. Using the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique, i.e., fuzzy Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), based on ten criteria and seven alternatives, it has been found that Toyota Aqua outperforms among all the other alternatives in terms of economic, social, and environmental perspective. Furthermore, to move towards hybrid technology, the government has to give relaxation in terms of customs duty and should encourage auto manufacturers to set up local industries of such vehicles in the country.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
References
Ahluwalia KR, Rousseau AX (2005) Fuel economy of hybrid fuel-cell vehicles. J Power Sources 152:233–244
Al-Alawi BM, Bradley TH (2013) Total cost of ownership, payback, and consumer preference modeling of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Appl Energy 103(1):488–506
Ali Y, Socci C, Pretaroli R, Severini F (2018) Economic and environmental impact of transport sector on Europe economy. Asia Pacific J Reg Sci 2(2):361–397
Ali Y et al (2019a) Identifying the sources of structural changes in CO2 emissions in Italy. Econ Polit 36:509–526
Ali Y et al (2019b) Fuzzy MCDM modeling for controlling smog formation: a case of Pakistan. In: Chatterjee MY, Chakraborty S (eds) Sustainability Modeling in Engineering. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 315–335
Antucheviciene J, Zavadskas EK, Zakarevičius A (2010) Multiple criteria construction management decisions considering relations between criteria. Ukio Technologinis ir Ekonominis Vystymas 16(1):109–125
Arshad, N & Ullah, N, 2019 Electric vehicles in Pakistan: policy recommendations, Lahore: LUMS Energy Institute & U S - Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E)
Asdrubali F, Carrese S, Patella SM, Sabatini L (2018) Development of electric urban mobility: comparative research and preliminary survey. Eur J Sustain Devt 2(3):32
Biswas TK, Das MC (2018) Selection of hybrid vehicle for green environment using multi-attributive border approximation area comparison method. Management Science letters 8(2):121–130
Biswas TK, Das MC (2019) Selection of commercially available electric vehicle using fuzzy AHP-MABAC. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 100(3):531–537
Biswasa TK, Saha P (2019) Selection of commercially available scooters by new MCDM method. Int J Data Netw Sci 3(2):137–144
CihatOnat N, Gumus S, Kucukvar M, Tatarid O (2016) Application of the TOPSIS and intuitionistic fuzzy set approaches for ranking the life cycle sustainability performance of alternative vehicle technologies. Sustainable Production and Consumption 6:12–25
de Aquino JT, de Melo FJC, de Barros Jerônimo T, de Medeiros DD (2019) Evaluation of Quality in Public Transport Services: The Use of Quality Dimensions as an Input for Fuzzy TOPSIS. Int J Fuzzy Syst 21:176–193
Delkash, M & M Mir, H 2016. Examining some potential actions in mitigating gaseous emissions from vehicles, case study: Tehran. Air Qual Atmos Health 9, p. 909–921
Douris C (2017) Forbes [online] available at: https://www Forbes com/sites/constancedouris/2017/10/24/the-bottom-line-on-electric-cars-theyre-cheaper-to-own/#11a6f9a810b6 [Accessed 11 November 2019]
Erkayman B, Gundogar E, Akkaya G, Ipek M (2011) A fuzzy Topsis approach for logistics center location selection. Journal of business case studies 7(3):49–54
Faria R, Moura P, Delgado J, Almeida AT (2012) A sustainability assessment of electric vehicles as a personal mobility system. Energy Convers Manag 61(1):19–30
Farooq, M , 2018 Pakistan Today Profit [online] available at: https://profit pakistantoday com pk/2018/04/28/budget-fy-2018-19-govt-slashes-customs-duty-to-25-percent-on-import-of-electric-cars/ [Accessed 18 November 2019]
Feyzioglu O, Ersoy M, Buyukozkan G (2008) Multi-criteria selection of alternatives for sustainable urban transportation, Singapore, IEEE
Fouladgar M, Chamzini A, Zavadskas E (2012) Risk evaluation of tunneling projects. Arch Civ Mech Eng 12(1):1–12
Guo S, Zhao H (2015) Optimal site selection of electric vehicle charging station by using fuzzy TOPSIS based on sustainability perspective. Appl Energy 158(1):390–402
Guttikunda SK, Kopakka VR (2014) Source emissions and health impacts of urban air pollution in Hyderabad, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 7:195–207
Hamdan, S et al, 2019 Investigating Delay Factors in Electrical Installation Projects using Fuzzy TOPSIS Bahrain, 8th International Conference on Modeling Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO)
Hwang C-L, Yoon K (1981) Methods for multiple attribute decision making. Multiple Attribute Decision Making 186(1):58–191
İç YT, Özel M, Kara İ (2017) An integrated fuzzy TOPSIS-knapsack problem model for order selection in a bakery. Arab J Sci Eng 42(3):5321–5337
Ishfaq S, Ali S, Ali Y (2018) Selection of optimum renewable energy source for energy sector in Pakistan by using MCDM approach. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability 2:61–71
Ivanovic G (2004) The reliability allocation application in vehicle design. Int J Veh Des 24(2–3):137–297
Jim L, Bowyer JL, Pepke E, Groot H, Henderson C (2019) Environmental assessment of conventional vs hybrid vs battery electric vehicles. Dovetail Partners, Inc, Minneapolis
Kane, M, 2018 INSIDEEVs [online] available at: https://insideevs com/news/340135/plug-in-electric-cars-sales-in-us-surpass-1-million/ [Accessed 13 November 2019]
Kelemenis A, Ergazakis K, Askounis D (2011) Support managers’ selection using an extension of fuzzy TOPSIS. Expert Syst Appl 38(3):2774–2782
Laghari, A, 2018 Pakwheels [online] available at: https://www pakwheels com/blog/budget-2018-19-government-reduces-customs-duty-electric-cars/ [Accessed 13 December 2019]
Longo M, Foiadelli F, Yaïci W (2018) Electric vehicles integrated with renewable energy sources for sustainable mobility. In: Martínez LR, Prieto MD (eds) Ir New Trends in Electrical Vehicle Powertrains. IntechOpen, London, pp 203–224
Luo Y, Chen T, Zhang S, Li K (2015) Intelligent hybrid electric vehicle ACC with coordinated control of tracking ability, fuel economy, and ride comfort. IEEE 16(4):2303–2308
Mardani A et al (2015) Multiple criteria decision-making techniques and their applications – a review of the literature from 2000 to 2014. Economic research - Ekonomska istraživanja 28(1):516–571
Matulka, R (2014) Energy gov [online] available at: https://www energy gov/articles/history-electric-car [Accessed 13 December 2019]
Memari A et al (2019) Sustainable supplier selection: a multi-criteria intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method. J Manuf Syst 50:9–24
Mir KA, Purohit P, Mehmood S (2017) Sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(35):27345–27355
Nazam, M et al (2016) Selection of reverse logistics operating channels through integration of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS: a Pakistani case Singapore, Springer, pp 1117–1134
Norsk Elbilforening (2019) Norsk Elbilforening [Online] Available at: https://elbil no/english/norwegian-ev-market/ [Accessed 13 November 2019]
Nykvist B, Nilsson M (2015) Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles. Nat Clim Chang 5:329–332
Önüt S, Efendigil T, Kara SS (2010) A combined fuzzy MCDM approach for selecting shopping center site: an example from Istanbul, Turkey. Expert Syst Appl 37(3):1973–1980
Orecchini F, Santiangeli A, Valitutti V (2011) Sustainability science: sustainable energy for mobility and its use in policy making. Sustainability 3(10):1855–1865
Ou S et al (2019) Light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China: an overview on the market and its comparisons to the United States. Renew Sust Energ Rev 112(1):747–761
Poullikkas A (2015) Sustainable options for electric vehicle technologies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 41:1277–1287
Rathi R, Khanduja D, Sharma S (2015) Six sigma project selection using fuzzy TOPSIS decision making approach. Manag Sci Lett 5(1):447–456
Requia JW, Arain A, Koutrakis P, Dalumpines R (2018) Assessing particulate matter emissions from future electric mobility and potential risk for human health in Canadian metropolitan area. Air Qual Atmos Health 11:1009–1019
Riaz R, Hamid K (2018) Existing smog in Lahore, Pakistan: an alarming public health concern. Cureus 10(1)
Roos, D (2010) Howstuffworks [online] available at: https://science howstuffworks com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/does-hybrid-car-production-waste-offset-hybrid-benefits2 htm [accessed 13 Decmember 2019]
Rouyendegh BD, Yildizbasi A, Üstünyer P (2019) Intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method for green supplier selection problem. Methodol Appl 24:2215–2228
Rouyendegh, B D, Yildizbasi, A & Üstünyer, P (2020) Intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method for green supplier selection problem. Springer, p 2215–2228
Sabri M, Danapalasingam K, Rahmat M (2016) A review on hybrid electric vehicles architecture and energy management strategies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 53:1433–1442
Saleem SB, Ali Y (2019) Effect of lifestyle changes and consumption patterns on environmental impact: a comparison study of Pakistan and China. Chin J Popul Resour Environ 17(2):113–122
Salehi M, Moghaddam T (2008) Project selection by using a fuzzy TOPSIS technique. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Paris
Samaie F, Meyar-Naimi H, Javadi S, Farahani HF (2020) Comparison of sustainability models in development of electric vehicles in Tehran using fuzzy TOPSIS method. Sustain Cities Soc 53:101912
Scott AJ (1995) The electric vehicle industry and local economic development: prospects and policies for Southern California. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27(6):863–875
Şengül Ü et al (2015) Fuzzy TOPSIS method for ranking renewable energy supply systems in Turkey. Renew Energy 75(1):617–625
Shabbir, M (2019) SDPI [online] available at: https://www sdpi org/media/media_details3963-press-2019 html [Accessed 19 November 2019]
Singh M, Pant M, Godiyal R, Sharma KA (2020) MCDM approach for selection of raw material in pulp and papermaking industry. Taylor and Francis
Sodhi, B & T V, P (2012) A Simplified description of fuzzy TOPSIS, India: Computer Science: Artificial Intelligence
Srikanth R (2018) Role of electric mobility in a sustainable, and energy-secure future for India. Curr Sci 114(4):732–739
Tan Y, Shen L, Langston C, Liu Y (2010) Construction project selection using fuzzy TOPSIS approach. J Model Manag 5(3):302–315
Tomasov M, Kajanova M, Bracinik P, Motyka D (2019) Overview of battery models for sustainable power and transport applications. Transportation Research Procedia 40(1):548–555
Triantaphyllou E, Lin C-T (1996) Development and evaluation of five fuzzy multiattribute decision-making methods. Int J Approx Reason 14(4):281–310
Uhrig E R (2006) Greenhouse gas emissions from gasoline, hybrid-electric, and hydrogen-fueled vehicles Ottawa, IEEE
Unwin, J (2019) Power technology [online] available at: https://www power-technology com/features/Pakistan-energy-mix/ [Accessed 10 December 2019]
Vaughan, A, 2018 The Guardian [online] available at: https://www theguardian com/environment/2018/aug/26/electric-cars-exceed-1m-in-europe-as-sales-soar-by-more-than-40-per-cent [Accessed 13 November 2019]
Visvikis, C (2012) Safety considerations for electric vehicles and regulatory activities. Los Angeles, CA, 26th electric vehicle symposium
Waller, H (2019) Bloomberg technology [online] available at: https://www bloomberg com/news/articles/2019-09-14/u-k-energy-review-could-offer-incentives-for-electric-car-sales [Accessed 5 November 2019]
Wee BV, Maat K, Bont CD (2012) Improving sustainability in urban. Eur Plan Stud 20(1):95–110
Woody, T (2013) QUARTZ [online] available at: https://qz com/84241/is-tesla-making-green-cars-or-status-symbols-for-the-1/ [Accessed 5 November 2019]
Yue Z (2014) TOPSIS-based group decision-making methodology in intuitionistic fuzzy setting. Inf Sci 277(1):141–153
YunHe L Chen Y (2013) Thou shalt drive electric and hybrid vehicles: Scenario analysis on energy air 40
Zadeh L (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Control 8(3):338–353
Zeng S, Qiyas M, Arif M, Mahmood T (2019) Extended version of linguistic picture fuzzy TOPSIS method and its applications in Enterprise resource planning systems. Math Probl Eng 3(1):1–8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, F., Ali, Y. & Khan, A.U. Sustainable hybrid electric vehicle selection in the context of a developing country. Air Qual Atmos Health 13, 489–499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00812-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00812-y