Full length articleAssessment of chemical, biological and immunological properties of “Damiana de California” Turnera diffusa Willd extracts in Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) leukocytes
Introduction
In recent years, the interest in herbal or plant extracts have increased as alternative therapies that could effectively protect fish of diseases by stimulating their immune system. Moreover, natural medicinal products relatively non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective, are often locally available, and can act against a broad spectrum of pathogens [1]. Herbs or plants are potential sources of phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins) that are major bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants [2]. Phytochemicals act as reducing agents, metal ion chelators and scavengers of free radicals with great therapeutic potential such as antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities [3,4].
Turnera diffusa Willd or ‘‘Damiana de California’’ belongs to the Turneraceae family and it is a medicinal plant native of Baja California desert in Mexico [5,6]. Mexican indigenous populations used damiana leaves for the treatment of different illness, including sexual disfunction [7,8]. This small shrub is widely recognized for its medicinal properties among them, estrogenic, antibacterial and prosexual activities [6,9]. Zhao et al. [10] and Alcaraz-Meléndez et al. [11] showed a huge quantity of essential oils and flavonoids in T. diffusa, which could be responsible for its therapeutic properties. Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of T. diffusa have been reported for water-ethanol [9], methanolic [10,12] and essential oil extractions [11,13], but not for infusion preparations, which is the most consumed form. Tea-type infusion or water extracts is the method of obtaining bioactive compounds from plants, by keeping them immersed in cold or hot water [14]. Studies using aqueous extracts like infusion preparation are scarce, which have been traditionally used because of digestive and antispasmodic effects [15]. Actually, therapeutic applications of Damiana de California have gained an increasing interest for medical applications; however, no studies have been conducted to assess antioxidant composition and immunostimulant effects of methanolic and infusion extracts (the most consumed forms) of damiana in fish. Therefore, phytochemical compounds and antiradical capacity of infusion and methanolic extracts were studied. In addition, for the first time, the proliferation and immunostimulant effects of both (infusion and methanolic) extracts were evaluated in Longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana leukocytes.
Section snippets
Preparation of infusion and methanolic extracts
Dry plants of “Damiana de California” T. diffusa Willd were collected in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Damiana leaves were homogenized and milled to a fine powder (0.5- mm mesh).
For the infusion, 1 g of powder was dispensed to 100 mL of miliQ water, heated for 10 min, and let cool at 25 °C and sieved through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Finally, infusion was lyophilized for 24 h.
For methanolic extract preparation [16], 1 g leaf powder in 10 mL of 100% methanol was incubated under
FT-IR analysis
In order to compare the lyophilized extracts, Fig. 1 depicts FT-IR curves that were normalized to unity based on the most intense band (as a reference band), which appears at 1036 cm−1 for both spectra. In both extracts (infusion extract, curve a; methanolic extract, curve b), similar characteristic signals are revealed: on the region at 3200 cm−1 the –OH vibrations attributed to phenols appear, a shoulder around of 2900 cm−1 is a characteristic signal observed due to the flexion of methylene
Discussion
Herbal or medicinal plants have shown to possess an abundant quantity of metabolites, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids and carbohydrates [30]. Principal phytochemical and antioxidant characterization of infusion and methanolic leaf extracts of “Damiana de California” T. diffusa Willd have been reported in this study. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is attributed to their different molecular structures, concisely by the number and possible orientations of the hydroxyl
Conclusion
For the first time, this study provides the effect of Damiana de California T. diffusa infusion and methanolic extracts on chemical, biological, and immunostimulant properties using leukocytes of Longfin yellowtail S. rivoliana. The chemical ATR-FTIR analysis revealed the presence of different bioactive compounds, which could be related with the T. diffusa antioxidant capacity. Clearly, infusion extract is the treatment that had more phytochemical compounds and DPPH activity. Infusion and
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Martha Reyes-Becerril: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft. Perla Ginera: Investigation. Jorge Silva-Jara: Investigation. Adriana Macias: Investigation. Carlos Velazquez-Carriles: Investigation. Lilia Alcaraz-Meléndez: Methodology. Carlos Angulo: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Acknowledgments
Authors thanks Kampachi Farms Mexico at CIBNOR-BioHelis Innovation and Technology Park in La Paz Baja California Sur, Mexico. Thanks to Francisco Encarnación, Kevyn Guerra and Rene Rebollar for their technical assistance and Diana Fischer for English editorial services. CONACYT funded this research by INFR-2014-01/225924 grants.
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