Abstract
Ommastrephid squid produce some of the smallest cephalopod hatchlings, whose feeding behavior has not been observed. The present study aimed at indirectly filling this knowledge gap by describing ontogenetic changes in beak morphology and morphometry and integrating these results with published datasets on Illex argentinus arm crown morphology and gut contents. Individuals [0.7–15 mm mantle length (ML)] were measured, weighed, and had their buccal mass extracted. Jaw measurements were correlated with ML to determine whether jaw development occurred linearly with ML. For a 10 mm increment in ML, weight increased 430-fold. The jaws of hatchlings were rudimentary, but in larger paralarvae the rostrum protrudes and the jaw features (teeth, slit, groove) disappear. Increases in ML were predicted by beak robustness indices and rostrum protrusion, with growth discontinuities pointing to faster growth in individuals ≤ 2 mm ML. Morphological changes in the beak and arm crown are in synchrony with a transitional event in the feeding ecology of paralarvae: the onset of active predation on crustaceans and masticating their exoskeletons for ingestion. Integration of the results with published data has led to the proposal of a hypothesis of four size-differentiated developmental stages in the feeding ecology of I. argentinus rhynchoteuthions.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We kindly thank the anonymous reviewers, in special Reviewer#1, for all the great suggestions on how to improve our manuscript; Dr Natalie Moltschaniwskyj for the help with the statistical analyses; Dr Mara Bainy, who did the first Illex argentinus beak extractions upon which this study was developed; and Dr Manuel Haimovici, for providing us with specimens for the study.
Funding
EAG Vidal was supported by the Brazilian National Research Council- CNPq (Pro. 312331/2018-1). This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Franco-Santos, R.M., Vidal, E.A.G. Tied hands: synchronism between beak development and feeding-related morphological changes in ommastrephid squid paralarvae. Hydrobiologia 847, 1943–1960 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04223-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04223-z