The variability of stemflow generation in a natural beech stand (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to rainfall and tree traits
Atefeh Dezhban
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Pedram Attarod
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Correspondence
Pedram Attarod, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Email: attarod@ut.ac.ir
Search for more papers by this authorGhavamudin Zahedi Amiri
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorThomas G. Pypker
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Colombia, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorKazuki Nanko
Department of Disaster Prevention, Meteorology and Hydrology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorAtefeh Dezhban
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Pedram Attarod
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Correspondence
Pedram Attarod, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Email: attarod@ut.ac.ir
Search for more papers by this authorGhavamudin Zahedi Amiri
Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorThomas G. Pypker
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Colombia, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorKazuki Nanko
Department of Disaster Prevention, Meteorology and Hydrology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Stemflow (SF) has been recognised as an important process that can exert considerable effects on the hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of wooded ecosystems. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between SF (yields and funnelling ratios, FRs) of beech (Fagus orientalis) trees and rainfall characteristics, to evaluate the effects of tree traits on SF yield and the magnitudes of FRs in differing rainfall classes. Event-based measurements were carried out from April 2016 to November 2017 during the leafed-out periods in a natural uneven-aged beech stand located in the Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Tree density in the studied plot was 188 trees ha−1 with a basal area of 51 m2 ha−1. SF volume was measured in three diameter classes (10–40, 40–70, and >70 cm; n = 3 per class). During the 25 rainfall events SF, SF%, and FR were 3.22 mm, 0.41%, and 1.11 on average, respectively. The linear regression analysis revealed that gross rainfall had the strongest correlation with SF yield and FR (P value <.01). The linear regression with the trees structural traits indicated that canopy projected area, diameter at breast height (DBH), and mosses cover percentage, respectively, strongly influence SF yield for rainfall <15 to >50 mm. FR significantly decreased with increasing tree height, DBH, and mosses cover percentage (all P values <.05). Smaller trees concentrated more SF than tall and large DBH trees. Pearson correlation analysis indicated tree height, canopy projected area, and MCP were positively and significantly correlated to DBH (P value <.01; r ≥ .87). Therefore, SF generation in the present study is more associated with DBH. Our findings could assist managers to optimise the management strategies of deciduous forest via promotion of some large DBH trees along with small DBH trees to optimise water inputs via SF in water-limited forest ecosystems.
REFERENCES
- Carlyle-Moses, D., Iida, S., Germer, S., Llorens, P., Michalzik, B., Nanko, K., … Levia, D. (2018). Expressing stemflow commensurate with its ecohydrological importance. Advances in Water Resources, 121, 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.08.015
- Carlyle-Moses, D., Laureano, J. F., & Price, A. (2004). Throughfall and throughfall spatial variability in Madrean oak forest communities of northeastern Mexico. Journal of Hydrology, 297(1), 124–135.
- Crockford, R., & Richardson, D. (2000). Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception: Effect of forest type, ground cover and climate. Hydrological Processes, 14(16-17), 2903–2920. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2903::AID-HYP126>3.0.CO;2-6
- Dezhban, A., Attarod, P., Zahedi Amiri, G. H., Pypker, T. G., & Nanko, K. (2019). Seasonal variability of throughfall spatial pattern under a natural Fagus orientalis stand using geostatistical method. Iranian Journal of Forest, 11(1), 13–28.
- Franks, A. J., & Bergstrom, D. M. (2000). Corticolous bryophytes in microphyll fern forests of south-east Queensland: Distribution on Antarctic beech (Nothofagus moorei). Austral Ecology, 25, 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01048.x
- Germer, S., Blume, T., André, F., Jonard, M., Caignet, I., & Coenders-Gerrits, M. (2012). Pan-European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stemflow data comparison. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 14, EGU2012-12761, EGU General Assembly.
- Germer, S., Werther, L., & Elsenbeer, H. (2010). Have we underestimated stemflow? Lessons from an open tropical forest. Journal of Hydrology, 395(3–4), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.022
- He, Z. B., Yang, J. J., Du, J., Zhao, W. Z., Liu, H., & Chang, X. X. (2014). Spatial variability of canopy interception in a spruce forest of the semiarid mountain regions of China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 188, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.12.008
- Herwitz, S. R. (1986). Infiltration-excess caused by stemflow in a cyclone-prone tropical rainforest. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 11(4), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290110406
- Iida, S., Shimizu, T., Kabeya, N., Nobuhiro, T., Tamai, K., Shimizu, A., … Keth, N. (2012). Calibration of tipping-bucket flow meters and rain gauges to measure gross rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow applied to data from a Japanese temperate coniferous forest and a Cambodian tropical deciduous forest. Hydrological Processes, 26, 2445–2454. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9462
- Imamura, N., Levia, D. F., Toriyama, J., Kobayashi, M., & Nanko, K. (2017). Stemflow-induced spatial heterogeneity of radiocesium concentrations and stocks in the soil of a broadleaved deciduous forest. The Science of the Total Environment, 599-600, 1013–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.017
- Iroumé, A., & Huber, A. (2002). Comparison of interception losses in a broadleaved native forest and a Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) plantation in the Andes Mountains of southern Chile. Hydrological Processes, 16(12), 2347–2361.
- Johnson, M. S., & Lehmann, J. (2006). Double-funneling of trees: Stemflow and root induced preferential flow. Ecoscience, 13, 324–333.
- Kuraji, K., Yuri, T., Nobuaki, T., & Isamu, K. (2001). Generation of stemflow volume and chemistry in a mature Japanese cypress forest. Hydrological Processes, 15, 1967–1978.
- Lawson, E. R. (1967). Throughfall and stemflow in a pine-hardwood stand in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. Water Resources Research, 3(3), 731–735.
- Levia, D. F., & Frost, E. E. (2003). A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 274(1), 1–29.
- Levia, D. F., & Germer, S. (2015). A review of stemflow generation dynamics and stemflow-environment interactions in forests and shrublands. Reviews of Geophysics, 53(3), 673–714. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000479
- Levia, D. F., & Herwitz, S. R. (2005). Interspecific variation of bark water storage capacity of three deciduous tree species in relation to stemflow yield and solute flux to forest soils. Catena, 64(1), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.08.001
- Levia, D. F., Van Stan, J. T., Mage, S. M., & Kelley-Hauske, P. W. (2010). Temporal variability of stemflow volume in a beech-yellow poplarforest in relation to tree species and size. Journal of Hydrology, 380(1–2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.028
- Li, X. Y., Liu, L. Y., Gao, S. Y., Ma, Y. J., & Yang, Z. P. (2008). Stemflow in three shrubs and its effect on soil water enhancement in semiarid loess region of China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148(10), 1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.05.003
- Link, T. E., Unsworth, M., & Marks, D. (2004). The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 124, 171–191.
- Lovadi, I., Cairns, A., & Congdon, R. (2012). A comparison of three protocols for sampling epiphytic bryophytes in tropical montane rainforest. Tropical Bryology, 34, 93–98.
- Matschonat, G., & Falkengren-Grerup, U. (2000). Recovery of soil pH, cation-exchange capacity and the saturation of exchange sites from stemflow-induced soil acidification in three Swedish beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. Scand. Journal of Forest Research, 15, 39–48.
- Matsubayashi, U., Velasquez, G. T., Sasuga, H., Sumi, T., & Takagi, F. (1995). On the physical and chemical properties of throughfall and stemflow. Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering, 13(2), 69–81.
- McClain, M. E., Boyer, E. W., Dent, C. L., Gergel, S. E., Grimm, N. B., Groffman, P. M., … Pinay, G. (2003). Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystems, 6, 301–312.
- McKee, A. J., & Carlyle-Moses, D. E. (2016). Modelling stemflow production by juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) trees. Journal of Forestry Research, 28(3), 565–576.
- Návar, J. (2011). Stemflow variation in Mexico's northeastern forest communities: Its contribution to soil moisture content andaquifer recharge. Journal of Hydrology, 408(1–2), 35–42. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.07.006
- Oladi, R., Elzami, E., Pourtahmasi, K., & Brauning, A. (2017). Weather factors controlling growth of Oriental beech are on the turn over the growing season. European Journal of Forest Research, 136, 345–356.
- Opakunle, J. S. (1989). Throughfall, stemflow, and rainfall interception in a cacao plantation in south western Nigeria. Tropical Ecology, 30(2), 244–252.
- Park, H., & Hattori, S. (2002). Applicability of stand structural characteristics to stemflow modeling. Journal of Forest Research, 7, 91–98.
10.1007/BF02762513 Google Scholar
- Pypker, T. G., Unsworth, M. H., & Bond, B. J. (2006). The role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific Northwest I. Laboratory measurements of water storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36, 808–818.
- Rahmani, R., Sadoddin, A., & Ghorbani, S. (2011). Measuring and modelling precipitation components in an Oriental beech stand of the Hyrcanian region, Iran. Journal of Hydrology, 404(3), 294–303.
- Rowe, L. K. (1983). Rainfall interception by an evergreen beech forest, Nelson, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology, 66(1–4), 143–158.
- Sagheb-Talebi, K. S., Sajedi, T., & Pourhashemi, M. (2014). Forests of Iran: A treasure from the past, a hope for the future. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
10.1007/978-94-007-7371-4 Google Scholar
- Schooling, J. T., & Carlyle-Moses, D. E. (2015). The influence of rainfall depth class and deciduous tree traits on stemflow production in an urban park. Urban Ecosystem, 18, 1261–1284.
- Shachnovich, Y., Berliner, P. R., & Bar, P. (2008). Rainfall interception and spatial distribution of throughfall in a pine forest planted in an arid zone. Journal of Hydrology, 349(1-2), 168–177.
- Takahashi, M., Giambelluca, T. W., Mudd, R. G., DeLay, J. K., Nullet, M. A., & Asner, G. P. (2011). Rainfall partitioning and cloud water interception in native forest and invaded forest in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Hydrological Processes, 25(3), 448–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7797
- Tanaka, N., Levia, D., Igarashi, Y., Yoshifuji, N., Tanaka, K., Tantasirin, C., & Kumagai, T. O. (2017). What factors are most influential in governing stemflow production from plantation-grown teak trees? Journal of Hydrology, 544, 10–20 Crossref, Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.010
- Taniguchi, M., Tsujimura, M., & Tanaka, T. (1996). Significance of stemflow in groundwater recharge. 1: Evaluation of the stemflow contribution to recharge using a mass balance approach. Hydrological Processes, 10(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199601)10:1<71::AID-HYP301>3.0.CO;2-Q
- Van Stan, J. T. II, & Pypker, T. G. (2015). A review and evaluation of forest canopy epiphyte roles in the partitioning and chemical alteration of precipitation. Science of the Total Environment, 236, 813–824.
- Wang, X. P., Wang, Z. N., Berndtsson, R., Zhang, Y. F., & Pan, Y. X. (2011). Desert shrub stemflow and its significance in soil moisture replenishment. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 561–567. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-561-2011
- Xiao, Q., McPherson, E. G., Ustin, S. L., Grismer, M. E., & Simpson, J. R. (2000). Winter rainfall interception by two mature open-grown trees in Davis, California. Hydrological Processes, 14(4), 763–784. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200003)14:4