S, N-doped carbon quantum dots enhanced Luminol-Mn(IV) chemiluminescence reaction for detection of uric acid in biological fluids
Graphical abstract
Introduction
One of the last members of carbon nanomaterials family is carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which was reported for the first time in 2004 [1]. After that time, lots of efforts have been made on the creation of new synthesis methods from a verity of materials as a carbon source and development of their applications in different fields [2]. Despite exceptional physicochemical properties such as low toxicity, high chemical stability, biocompatibility, and high resistance to photobleaching, almost all of reported CQDs indicated low quantum yields. The low quantum yield can usually restrict the applicability of CQDs in some fields such as bio-imaging and sensing. One way to overcome this limitation, tune the photoluminescence properties of CQDs and develop their application, is doping CQDs with heteroatoms such as B,N,S, and P [3,4]. For example, synthesis of CQDs with a high quantum yield, around 80%, has been reported by co-doping them with S and N. The S, N-doped CQDs (S, N-CQDs) have been applied in various fields, including chemiluminescence (CL) assays [5].
It should be mentioned that traditional CL reactions usually produce weak CL emission, which makes them unsuitable for the analytical application. Recently, CQDs, including S, N-CQDs, have been attracted remarkable attention as outstanding candidates to introduce novel CL systems with high quantum yield. They have been applied to improve the CL intensity of ultra-weak CL reactions and extend the analytical and bioanalytical applications of traditional CL reactions [6,7]. Direct chemiluminescence reaction of S, N-CQDs with KMnO4, H2O2, and Ce(IV) was reported and applied for the determination of Cu2+, indomethacin, carcinoembryonic antigen, iodide, and mercuric ions, respectively [8,9,10,11]. Moreover, the enhancing effect of S, N‐CQDs was studied on the luminol–H2O2 CL reaction, with application to ranitidine analysis [12].
It is worth mentioning that luminol is the most well-known CL reagent, which is extensively used with diverse CL oxidants including water-soluble MnO2 (Mn(IV)) [13]. Mn(IV), a CL reagent reported by Branett et al. for the first time [14], has been exploited in various CL reactions [15,16]. Herein, the effect of S, N-CQDs as an enhancer was investigated on the luminol-Mn(IV) CL reaction. S, N- CQDs-luminol-Mn(IV) was introduced as a novel CL system and utilized to establish a CL method for analysis of uric acid in the biological fluid. Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism in the human body. It has been known as a biomarker for various metabolic disorders such as gout, hyperuricemia, kidney failure, von Gierke's disease, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome and so on [17]. Therefore, in the clinical diagnosis of mentioned disorders, it is crucial and essential to monitor amount of uric acid in body fluids. Different electrochemical [18,19,20,21] chromatographic [22,23], fluorescence [24], and chemiluminescence [25,26,27] methods have been established for the determination of uric acid. Lots of these methods have been enzyme-based methods that suffer from some drawbacks such as high cost, special working conditions, poor stability, and reproducibility [28]. The developed method is a nonenzymatic method which possesses general advantages of CL methods such as simplicity of instrumentation, short analysis time, high sensitivity, and low detection limits.
Section snippets
Apparatus
CL measurements were performed on LUMAT LB 9507 chemiluminometer (Berthold; www.berthold.com). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Leo 906, Zeiss, Germany) was applied to characterize the size and shape of S, N‐CQDs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Cary‐100 spectrophotometer (Varian; www.varianinc.com) were applied for recording UV/vis spectra and FTIR spectrophotometer (Tensor 27, Bruker), respectively. The fluorescence spectra were measured by FP‐8300 spectrofluorimeter (JASCO,
Characterization of S, N -CQDs
S, N‐CQDs were synthesized using a simple solid-phase hydrothermal method. TEM image (Fig. 1a) of S, N-CQDs was taken to determine their size distribution and morphology that indicated they are spherical nanoparticles with size distribution around 5 nm.
One of the popular characterization ways of CQDs is their fluorescent properties, which usually depend on the excitation wavelength. We observed the excitation wavelength-dependent behavior for as-prepared S, N- CQDs. The maximum wavelength of
Conclusion
In summary, the enhancing effect of S, N-CQDs was examined on the luminol-Mn(IV) CL reaction. Considerable enhancement in CL intensity was observed for this reaction in the presence of S, N- CQDs, so luminol-Mn(IV)- S, N –CQDs was introduced as a novel CL system. The passible CL mechanism was studied by recording the CL spectrum and investigation of the influence of several radical scavengers on the system. The results confirmed that the final emitting species in the system was
Declaration of Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References (48)
- et al.
Recent advances in chemiluminescence based on carbonaceous dots
Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2017) - et al.
Simultaneous detection of iodide and mercuric ions by nitrogen-sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots based on flow injection “turn off-on” chemiluminescence analysis system
Microchem. J
(2019) - et al.
A novel nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots-H2O2 chemiluminescence system for carcinoembryonic antigen detection using functional HRP-Au@Ag for signal amplification, Spectrochim
Acta. A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.
(2019) - et al.
Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots as the chemiluminescence probe for detection of Cu2+ ions
J. Lumin
(2017) - et al.
Manganese(III) and manganese(IV) as chemiluminescence reagents: a review
Anal. Chim. Acta.
(2008) - et al.
A review of recent advances in chemiluminescence detection using nano-colloidal Manganese(IV)
Anal. Chim. Acta.
(2014) - et al.
Carbon quantum dot coated Fe3O4 hybrid composites for sensitive electrochemical detection of uric acid
Microchem. J.
(2019) - et al.
Electron rays irradiated polyaniline anchored over bovine serum albumin for simultaneous detection of epinephrine and uric acid
Microchem. J.
(2019) - et al.
Development of an electroanalytical method to control quality in fish samples based on an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. Simultaneous determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid
Microchem. J.
(2018) - et al.
One-step synthesis of enzyme-stabilized gold nanoclusters for fluorescent ratiometric detection of hydrogen peroxide, glucose and uric acid
Microchem. J.
(2018)
Comparison of uric acid quantity with different food in human urine by flow injection chemiluminescence analysis
J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2013
Development of luminol-N-hydroxyphthalimide chemiluminescence system for highly selective and sensitive detection of superoxide dismutase, uric acid and Co2+,
Biosens. Bioelectron
Silver nanoclusters-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence for hydrogen peroxide and uric acid detection
Talanta
A Kinetic study of the reduction of colloidal manganese dioxide by oxalic acid
J. Colloid Interface Sci
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots: a facile and green fluorescence probe for free chlorine
Sens. Actuators B Chem.
Absence of measles-virus genome in inflammatory bowel disease
The Lancet
Quantitative determination of serum iron in human blood by high-performance capillary electrophoresis,
J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Sci. App.
Uric acid biosensor based on chemiluminescence detection using a nano-micro hybrid matrix
Sens. Actuators B Chem.
Chemiluminescence of graphene quantum dots and its application to the determination of uric acid
J. Lumin.
Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments,
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
Carbon quantum dots and their applications
Chem. Soc. Rev.
Improving the functionality of carbon nanodots: doping and surface functionalization
J. Mater. Chem. A.
Photoluminescence tuning in carbon dots: surface passivation or/and functionalization, heteroatom doping
J. Mater. Chem. C.
Towards efficient dual-emissive carbon dots through sulfur and nitrogen co-doped
J. Mater. Chem. C.
Cited by (23)
MOFs-, COFs- and MOGs-assisted chemiluminescence methods
2024, Microchemical JournalWhat works and what doesn't when graphene quantum dots are functionalized for contemporary applications?
2023, Coordination Chemistry ReviewsYellow fluorescent carbon dots sensitive detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> and its detection mechanism
2022, Materials Today CommunicationsCitation Excerpt :The maximum emission peaks of the four blue fluorescent CDs were located at 445 nm, 418 nm, 415 nm and 441 nm, respectively [18]. However, most of the obtained nitrogen-doped CQDs (N-CQDs) have short fluorescence wavelengths and short emission times (blue or green fluorescence) [19–21], which limits the further application of CDs. Molecular sieves, as an important inorganic material, have been favored for its regular pores and controllable structural characteristics.
Detection of tetracycline antibiotics using fluorescent “Turn-off” sensor based on S, N-doped carbon quantum dots
2022, Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular SpectroscopyCitation Excerpt :Many research groups have used CQDs as fluorescent probes and applied them to the measurement of metal ions [28,29], small molecules [30,31], drug delivery [32,33] and electrochemical luminescence [34,35], etc. In addition, it has been reported that CQDs synthesized by S and N doping have higher quantum yields [28,35,36]. Xue et.
Non-doped and non-modified carbon dots with high quantum yield for the chemosensing of uric acid and living cell imaging
2022, Analytica Chimica ActaCitation Excerpt :Unlike metal-based quantum dots [27], CDs have low biotoxicity and comparable luminescence performance [28]. However, it is a common case that most of the CDs reported were doped heteroatoms in order to enhance fluorescence intensity [29–32]. Among the reported CDs on UA detection, catalytic metals such as Fe, Cu and Zn [33,34], or non-metals such as N, P and S [35–37] that can provide more active sites for reaction are often selected as doping elements to enhance the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide, thus increasing the sensitivity of UA.
Application of quantum dots in biomedical and biotechnological fields
2022, Quantum Dots: Fundamentals, Synthesis and Applications