Unconventional roles for membrane traffic proteins in response to muscle membrane stress
Section snippets
The sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers, the sarcolemma, is repeatedly submitted to intense mechanical stress. To ensure their integrity, muscle fibers have developed an extraordinary compartmentation of their plasma membrane. By linking the extracellular matrix to the contractile apparatus, the myotendinous junction and lateral junctions called costameres, integrate adhesion to the propagation of forces. Although both have similar junctional anchoring structures, this review focuses on
Costameres
Costameres were originally described as electron-dense circumferential structures enriched in the focal adhesion protein vinculin and involved in attachment of the peripheral Z-disks of sarcomeres to the plasma membrane [3, 4, 5]. They are composed of several protein complexes which all share a common feature: they link the sarcolemma with the intracellular cytoskeleton (Figure 1). The first costamere complex corresponds to classical focal adhesion complexes and is centered on integrins,
Dynamin 2 and centronuclear myopathies
Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by the presence of centrally located nuclei in a large number of nonregenerating muscle fibers and disorganization of intracellular compartments [54]. Three main forms of CNM have been distinguished corresponding to three modes of inheritance [54]. The X-linked recessive myotubular myopathy is characterized by severe hypotonia and generalized muscle weakness at birth [55]. The MTM1 gene responsible for the X-linked form
Caveolinopathies
Mutations of muscle-specific caveolin-3, cavin-1, and cavin-4 have been associated with a number of muscle diseases including limb girdle muscular dystrophies, rippling muscle disease, and cardiomyopathies [66,67]. The observed symptoms could be ascribed to several defects in muscle physiology. A lack of functional caveolae could lead to defective formation of the excitation contraction coupling machinery and disorganization of the T-tubule network [47,67]. It could also result in abnormal
Conclusion/Perspectives
While in recent years, a wealth of information has emerged regarding the mechanisms that control response to mechanical stress, there is still a lot to learn from studying skeletal muscle. The recent explosion in the interest of the scientific community for mechanobiology has steered great interest in the skeletal muscle fiber as a model system. A better understanding of the key flat to curved transition observed for both clathrin-coated structures and caveolae will likely deepen our knowledge
Conflict of interest statement
Nothing declared.
Acknowledgments
The author apologizes to all the colleagues whose work could not be extensively quoted in this short review. The author would like to thank Robyn Roth and the Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging (St. Louis, MO) for their assistance with deep-etch electron microscopy and the IBPS cryo-EM facility for EM equipment. Some illustrations accompanying figures of the present manuscript were partially generated using the BioRender.com online tool. The author acknowledges the institutional
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