The injectable composite hydrogel based on collagen and hyaluronic acid provided a bionic three-dimensional microenvironment and mimetic natural extracellular matrix (ECM) for the growth of cells in vivo and has been widely researched and developed for cartilage tissue engineering. Here, a novel injectable bionic hydrogel with hybrid covalent/noncovalent network derived from covalent conjugation of HA-SH and noncovalent supramolecular self-assembly of BPAA-AFF-OH short peptide was fabricated to overcome the collagen immunogenicity of animal origin and effectively maintain its biological function. Moreover, through optimizing the network structure and polymer composition, the bionic HS₅FFAB₅ hydrogel presented a reliable mechanical strength which depended on the highly integrated fiber structure between HA-SH and FFAB-AFF-OH molecules. The results in vitro and in vivo proved that HA-SH could provide a fundamental frame structure, while the supramolecular hydrogels could reinforce this structure via hydrogen bonds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, and endow bionic hydrogels with more abundant cell adhesion sites. The bionic composite hydrogel could improve the cell adhesion and proliferation when compared to HA-SH hydrogel, and enhanced chondrogenic related gene expression and matrix secretion by three-dimensional co-cultured in vitro and subcutaneous implantation in vivo, which further promoted phenotypic maintenance of hyaline cartilage. This bionic hydrogel with a hybrid covalent/noncovalent network is supposed to have potential application prospects in cartilage regeneration.