Abstract
Nanoparticles induce neurotoxicity following inhalation, oral administration, intravenous administration, or injection. Different pathways have various corresponding characteristics. Among them, the sensory nerve-to-brain pathways, which are direct neural pathways, bypass barriers such as the blood–brain barrier, which prevents the entry of the majority of nanoparticles into the brain. Subsequently, nanoparticles exert effects on sensory neuroreceptors and sensory nerves, causing central neurotoxicity. However, no studies have summarized sensory nerve-to-brain pathways for transporting nanoparticles. Here, we review recent findings on the potential sensory nerve pathways that promote nanoparticle entry into the brain, the effects of NPs on sensory receptors and sensory nerves, the central neurotoxicity induced by nanoparticles via sensory nerve pathways, and the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. In addition, the limitations of current research and possible trends for future research are also discussed. In summary, we hope that this review will serve as a reference, inspire ideas for further research into the neurotoxicity of nanoparticles, and facilitate the development of protective measures and treatment schemes for nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity.
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Funding
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1102601), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81870786 and 81701026), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (201803031041) and President Foundation of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (2016C005 and 2017B020).
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Lin, Y., Hu, C., Chen, A. et al. Neurotoxicity of nanoparticles entering the brain via sensory nerve-to-brain pathways: injuries and mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 94, 1479–1495 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02701-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02701-w