Abstract
It was investigated the lactic acid production by glycerol oxidation using % 1 Au/bentonite catalysts in alkaline medium. The reactions were performed in a 100 mL volume three-necked and round-bottomed flask placed in an oil bath over a period of 4 h at 90 °C reaction temperature and atmospheric pressure. 1 wt% Au based bentonite catalysts were prepared by incipient to wetness method. Gold metal is chosen for catalyst active material since it is active under mild conditions and activation conditions of support material were investigated. Bentonite supports, activated under different conditions (temperature and acidic medium) were used as supports. Results of bentonite supported studies showed that the use of heterogeneous catalysts was necessary and bentonite activation improved catalytic activity, but the application of chemical activation negatively affected lactic acid selectivity. The highest glycerol conversion (76%) has been obtained with 1 wt% Au catalyst that the support was activated by thermally and chemically at 700 °C and 1 M HCl. And also the maximum lactic acid amount (18%) was obtained with this catalyst. The chemical activation of the support material at high acid concentration has caused a high conversion and lactic acid selectivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Monteiro MR, Kugelmeier CL, Pinheiro RS, Batalha MO, Cesar AS (2018) Glycerol from biodiesel production: technological paths for sustainability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 88:109–122
Ishak ZI, Sairi NA, Alias Y, Kheireddine M, Aroua T, Yusoff R (2017) A review of ionic liquids as catalysts for transesterification reactions of biodiesel and glycerol carbonate production. Catal Rev 59(1):44–93
Ren NQ, Li YF, Wamg AJ, Li JZ, Ding J, Zadsar M (2006) Hydrogen production by fermentation: review of a new approach to environmentally safe energy production. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 9(1):39–42
Ebshish A, Yaakob Z, Taufiq-Yap YH, Bshish A, Tasirin SM (2012) Review of hydrogen production via glycerol reforming. Proc IMechE Part A: J Power Energy 226:1060–1075
Fann X, Burton R, Zho Y (2010) Glycerol (byproduct of biodiesel production) as a source for fuels and chemicals-mini review. Open Fuels Energy Sci J 3:17–22
Chen L, Ren S, Ye XP (2015) Glycerol conversion to lactic acid with sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst in a fed-batch reactor. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 114:93–108
Okoye PU, Hameed BH (2016) Review on recent progress in catalytic carboxylation and acetylation of glycerol as a byproduct of biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53:558–574
Vidra A, Nemeth A (2018) Bio-produced propionic acid: a review. Period Polytech Chem Eng 62(1):57–67
Lee CS, Aroua MK, Daud WMAW, Cognet P, Lucchese YP, Fabre P, Reynes O, Latapie L (2015) A review: conversion of bioglycerol into 1,3-propanediol via biological and chemical method. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:963–972
Hu W, Knight WD, Lowry B, Varma A (2010) Selective oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone over Pt-Bi/C catalyst: optimization of catalyst and reaction conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:10876–10882
Bagheri S, Julkapli NM, Yehye WA (2015) Catalytic conversion of biodiesel derived raw glycerol to value added products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 41:113–127
Ntho T, Aluha J, Gqogqa P, Raphulu M, Pattrick G (2013) Au/ɣ-Al2O3 catalysts for glycerol oxidation: the effect of support acidity and gold particle size. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 109:133–148
Bruno AM, Chagas CA, Souza MMVM, Manfro RL (2018) Lactic acid production from glycerol in alkaline medium using Pt-based catalysts in continuous flow reaction system. Renew Energy 118:160–171
Zhang C, Wang T, Ding Y (2017) Influence of Pt particle size on the activity of Pt/AC catalyst in selective oxidation of glycerol to lactic acid. Catal Lett 147:1197–1203
Kishida H, Hasegawa T, Moriya T, Ohara H, Nomura N (2014) Operation of bench plants producing racemic lactic acid and lactide isomers from glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel fuel production process. Energy Procedia 56:187–194
Purushothaman RKP, van Haveren J, van Es DS, Melian-Canrera I, Meeldijk JD, Heeres HJ (2014) An efficient one pot conversion of glycerol to lactic acid usingbimetallic gold-platinum catalysts on a nanocrystalline CeO2 support. Appl Catal B: Environ 147:92–100
Arcanjo MRA, Rodriguez-Castellon E, Infantes-Molina A, Vieira RS (2017) Conversion of glycerol into lactic acid using Pd or Pt supported oncarbon as catalyst. Catal Today 279:317–326
Ftouni J, Villandier N, Auneau F, Besson M, Djakovitch L, Pinel C (2015) From glycerol to lactic acid under inert conditions in the presence of platinum-based catalysts: the influence of support. Catal Today 257:267–273
Lakshmanan P, Upare PP, Le NT, Hwang YK, Hwang DW, Lee U, Kim HR, Chang J (2013) Facile synthesis of CeO2-supported gold nanoparticle catalysts for selective oxidation of glycerol into lactic acid. Appl Catal A: Gen 468:260–268
Shen L, Zhou X, Wang A, Yin H, Yin H, Cui W (2017) Hydrothermal conversion of high concentrated glycerol to lactic acid catalyzed by bimetallic CuAux (x = 0.01–0.04) nanoparticles and their reaction kinetics. RSC Adv 7:30725–30739
Wang FF, Shao S, Liu C, Xu C, Yang R, Dong W (2015) Selective oxidation of glycerol over Pt supported on mesoporous carbon nitride in base-free aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 264:336–343
Cherni D, Moussa N, Nsib MF, Evangelisti C, Prati L, Villa A (2019) Base-free glycerol oxidation over N-TiO2 supported Au-Pt catalysts. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 128:979–990
Razali N, Abdullah AZ (2017) Production of lactic acid from glycerol via chemical conversion using solid catalyst: a review. Appl Catal A Gen 543:234–246
Yin H, Yin H, Wang A, Shen L (2018) Catalytic conversion of glycerol to lactic acid over graphite supported nickel nanoparticles and reaction kinetics. J Ind Eng Chem 57:226–235
Yin H, Zhang C, Yin H, Gao D, Shen L, Wang A (2016) Hydrothermal conversion of glycerol to lactic acid catalyzed by Cu/hydroxyapatite. Cu/MgO, and Cu/ZrO2 and reaction kinetics. Chem Eng J 288:332–343
Moreira ABF, Bruno AM, Souza MMVM, Manfro RL (2016) Continuous production of lactic acid from glycerol in alkaline medium using supported copper catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 144:170–180
Li K, Li JY, Li HH (2017) Conversion of glycerol to lactic acid over Cu–Zn–Al and Cu–Cr catalysts in alkaline solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 79:74–79
Yang GY, Ke YH, Ren HF, Liu CL, Yang RZ, Dong WS (2016) The conversion of glycerol to lactic acid catalyzed by ZrO2-supported CuO catalysts. Chem Eng J 283:759–767
Acknowledgements
Financial support is provided by Kocaeli University through Projects 2017/68.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Celik, D., Yildiz, M. Activation conditions of bentonite supports over gold-based catalysts for production of lactic acid from glycerol. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 129, 693–705 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-020-01766-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-020-01766-z