Abstract
In the recent years, several methods for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have appeared. Depending on the type of treatment and its conditions, the source of cellulose and the fibrillation method, different properties and characteristics can be obtained. TEMPO-mediated oxidation has been extensively used for CNF production and it is considered as one of the most suitable treatments to obtain high-performance CNF with superior properties and reduced size. However, the recovery of the catalyst and its cost is still a challenge. In the recent years, the oxidation by means of ammonium persulfate (APS) has appeared as a potential alternative, although it is commonly used for cellulose nanocrystals production. The present work aims at comparing the properties of CNF obtained by means of TEMPO-mediated oxidation (TOCNF) and ammonium persulfate oxidation (APSCNF). For this, a similar oxidation degree was selected, adjusting the treatment conditions of both oxidative methods. The obtained results exhibited that similar properties can be obtained with different production costs associated. In addition, the APSCNF exhibited a significantly lower degree of polymerization and slightly higher transmittance, indicating the presence of higher crystalline regions. Finally, both types of CNF were tested over a recycled paper substrate, revealing that both APSCNF and TOCNF significantly increased the mechanical properties of paper with low effect on pulp drainability, representing a great advantage for the paper industry.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abou-Zeid RE, Dacrory S, Ali KA, Kamel S (2018) Novel method of preparation of tricarboxylic cellulose nanofiber for efficient removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.127
Agoda-Tandjawa G, Durand S, Berot S et al (2010) Rheological characterization of microfibrillated cellulose suspensions after freezing. Carbohydr Polym 80:677–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.045
Bennington CPJ, Kerekes RJ, Grace JR (1990) The yield stress of fibre suspensions. Can J Chem Eng 68:748–757
Bian H, Gao Y, Wang R et al (2018) Contribution of lignin to the surface structure and physical performance of cellulose nanofibrils film. Cellulose 25:1309–1318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1658-x
Bird RB, Marsh BD (1968) Viscoelastic hysteresis. Part I. Model predictions. Trans Soc Rheol 12:479–488
Bondeson D, Mathew A, Oksman K (2006) Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 13:171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9061-4
Boufi S, González I, Delgado-Aguilar M et al (2016) Nanofibrillated cellulose as an additive in papermaking process: a review. Carbohydr Polym 154:151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.117
Brodin FW, Theliander H (2012) Absorbent materials based on kraft pulp: preparation and material characterization. BioResources 7:1666–1686. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.2.1666-1683
Brodin FW, Lund K, Brelid H, Theliander H (2012) Reinforced absorbent material: a cellulosic composite of TEMPO-oxidized MFC and CTMP fibres. Cellulose 19:1413–1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9706-4
Castro-Guerrero CF, Gray DG (2014) Chiral nematic phase formation by aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals prepared by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. Cellulose 21:2567–2577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0308-1
Chang PS, Robyt JF (1996) Oxidation of primary alcohol groups of naturally occurring polysaccharides with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine oxoammonium ion. J Carbohydr Chem 15:819–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/07328309608005694
Cheng M, Qin Z, Liu Y et al (2014) Efficient extraction of carboxylated spherical cellulose nanocrystals with narrow distribution through hydrolysis of lyocell fibers by using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. J Mater Chem A 2:251–258. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13653a
De France KJ, Hoare T, Cranston ED (2017) Review of hydrogels and aerogels containing nanocellulose. Chem Mater 29:4609–4631. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00531
Delgado-Aguilar M, González I, Pèlach MA et al (2015a) Improvement of deinked old newspaper/old magazine pulp suspensions by means of nanofibrillated cellulose addition. Cellulose 22:789–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0473-2
Delgado-Aguilar M, González I, Tarres Q et al (2015b) Approaching a low-cost production of cellulose nanofibers for papermaking applications. BioResources 10:5345–5355. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.3.5330-5344
Delgado-Aguilar M, González I, Tarrés Q et al (2016) The key role of lignin in the production of low-cost lignocellulosic nanofibres for papermaking applications. Ind Crops Prod 86:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.010
Delgado-Aguilar M, Julián F, Tarrés Q et al (2017) Bio composite from bleached pine fibers reinforced polylactic acid as a replacement of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene, macro and micro-mechanics of the Young’s modulus. Compos Part B Eng 125:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.058
Delgado-Aguilar M, Reixach R, Tarrés Q et al (2018) Bleached kraft eucalyptus fibers as reinforcement of poly(lactic acid) for the development of high-performance biocomposites. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070699
Dimic-Misic K, Puisto A, Paltakari J et al (2013) The influence of shear on the dewatering of high consistency nanofibrillated cellulose furnishes. Cellulose 20:1853–1864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9964-9
do Nascimento DM, Almeida JS, Vale M et al (2016) A comprehensive approach for obtaining cellulose nanocrystal from coconut fiber. Part I: proposition of technological pathways. Ind Crops Prod 93:66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.078
Dufresne A (2013) Nanocellulose: from nature to high performance tailored materials. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
Espinosa E, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M et al (2016) Suitability of wheat straw semichemical pulp for the fabrication of lignocellulosic nanofibres and their application to papermaking slurries. Cellulose 23:837–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0807-8
EU Commission (2018) Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment. 2018/0172:33
Ferrer A, Filpponen I, Rodríguez A et al (2012a) Valorization of residual empty palm fruit bunch fibers (EPFBF) by microfluidization: production of nanofibrillated cellulose and EPFBF nanopaper. Bioresour Technol 125:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.108
Ferrer A, Quintana E, Filpponen I et al (2012b) Effect of residual lignin and heteropolysaccharides in nanofibrillar cellulose and nanopaper from wood fibers. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9788-z
Filipova I, Fridrihsone V, Cabulis U, Berzins A (2018) Synthesis of nanofibrillated cellulose by combined ammonium persulphate treatment with ultrasound and mechanical processing. Nanomaterials 8(9):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090640
Goh KY, Ching YC, Chuah CH et al (2016) Individualization of microfibrillated celluloses from oil palm empty fruit bunch: comparative studies between acid hydrolysis and ammonium persulfate oxidation. Cellulose 23:379–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0812-y
Goodeve CF (1939) A general theory of thixotropy and viscosity. Trans Faraday Soc 35:342–358
Goodrich JD, Winter WT (2007) α-Chitin nanocrystals prepared from shrimp shells and their specific surface area measurement. Biomacromolecules 8:252–257. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0603589
Green H, Weltmann RN (1946) Equations of thixotropic breakdown for rotational viscosimeter. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 18:167–172
Habibi Y, Lucia LA, Rojas OJ (2010) Cellulose nanocrystals: chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chem Rev 110(6):3469–3500. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900339w
Hausser N, Marinkovic S, Estrine B (2011) Improved sulfuric acid decrystallization of wheat straw to obtain high yield carbohydrates. Cellulose 18:1521–1525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9599-7
Henriksson M, Henriksson G, Berglund LA, Lindström T (2007) An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers. Eur Polym J 43:3434–3441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.038
Hokkanen S, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M (2016) A review on modification methods to cellulose-based adsorbents to improve adsorption capacity. Water Res 91:156–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.008
Hu Y, Tang L, Lu Q et al (2014) Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals from borer powder of bamboo. Cellulose 21:1611–1618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0236-0
Hubbe MA, Tayeb P, Joyce M et al (2017) Rheology of nanocellulose-rich aqueous suspensions: a review. BioResources 12:9556–9661. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.Hubbe
Iguchi M, Yamanaka S, Budhiono A (2000) Bacterial cellulose—a masterpiece of nature’s arts. J Mater Sci 35:261–270. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004775229149
Inglesby MK, Zeronian SH (2002) Direct dyes as molecular sensors to characterize cellulose substrates. Cellulose 9:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015840111614
Isogai A, Saito T, Fukuzumi H (2011) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber. Nanoscale 3:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00583e
Jiang H, Wu Y, Han B, Zhang Y (2017) Effect of oxidation time on the properties of cellulose nanocrystals from hybrid poplar residues using the ammonium persulfate. Carbohydr Polym 174:291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.080
Kamagate M, Amin Assadi A, Kone T et al (2018) Activation of persulfate by irradiated laterite for removal of fluoroquinolones in multi-component systems. J Hazard Mater 346:159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.011
Lasseuguette E, Roux D, Nishiyama Y (2008) Rheological properties of microfibrillar suspension of TEMPO-oxidized pulp. Cellulose 15:425–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9184-2
Leung ACW, Hrapovic S, Lam E et al (2011) Characteristics and properties of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals prepared from a novel one-step procedure. Small 7:302–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201001715
Li Q, McGinnis S, Sydnor C et al (2013) Nanocellulose life cycle assessment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1:919–928. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc4000225
Liimatainen H, Sirviö J, Haapala A et al (2011) Characterization of highly accessible cellulose microfibers generated by wet stirred media milling. Carbohydr Polym 83:2005–2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.007
Liimatainen H, Visanko M, Sirviö JA et al (2012) Enhancement of the nanofibrillation of wood cellulose through sequential periodate-chlorite oxidation. Biomacromolecules 13:1592–1597. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm300319m
Lin N, Dufresne A (2014) Nanocellulose in biomedicine: current status and future prospect. Eur Polym J 59:302–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.025
Liu Y, Liu L, Wang K et al (2019) Modified ammonium persulfate oxidations for efficient preparation of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115572
Maekawa E, Kosaki T, Koshijima T (1986) Periodate oxidation of mercerized cellulose and regenerated cellulose. Wood Res Bull Wood Res Inst Kyoto Univ 73:44–49
Mahfoudhi N, Boufi S (2017) Nanocellulose as a novel nanostructured adsorbent for environmental remediation: a review. Cellulose 24:1171–1197
Male KB, Leung ACW, Montes J et al (2012) Probing inhibitory effects of nanocrystalline cellulose: inhibition versus surface charge. Nanoscale 4:1373–1379. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr11886f
Mascheroni E, Rampazzo R, Ortenzi MA et al (2016) Comparison of cellulose nanocrystals obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and ammonium persulfate, to be used as coating on flexible food-packaging materials. Cellulose 23:779–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0853-2
Mendoza DJ, Browne C, Raghuwanshi VS et al (2019) One-shot TEMPO-periodate oxidation of native cellulose. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115292
Mewis J, Wagner NJ (2009) Thixotropy. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 147–148:214–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.005
Mikulcová V, Bordes R, Minařík A, Kašpárková V (2018) Pickering oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals—effect of the pH. Food Hydrocoll 80:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.034
Mohtaschemi M, Sorvari A, Puisto A et al (2014) The vane method and kinetic modeling: shear rheology of nanofibrillated cellulose suspensions. Cellulose 21:3913–3925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0409-x
Naderi A (2017) Nanofibrillated cellulose: properties reinvestigated. Cellulose 24:1933–1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1258-1
Naderi A, Lindström T (2014) Carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose: effect of monovalent electrolytes on the rheological properties. Cellulose 21:3507–3514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0394-0
Nechyporchuk O, Belgacem MN, Pignon F (2014) Rheological properties of micro-/nanofibrillated cellulose suspensions: wall-slip and shear banding phenomena. Carbohydr Polym 112:432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.092
Ougiya H, Hioki N, Watanabe K et al (1998) Relationship between the physical properties and surface area of cellulose derived from adsorbates of various molecular sizes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62:1880–1884. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.62.1880
Oun AA, Rhim JW (2017) Characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite films reinforced with oxidized nanocellulose isolated using ammonium persulfate method. Carbohydr Polym 174:484–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.121
Patiño-Masó J, Serra-Parareda F, Tarrés Q et al (2019) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers: a potential bio-based superabsorbent for diaper production. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091271
Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu HL, Tam KC (2011) Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: a nanotechnology perspective. Can J Chem Eng 89:1191–1206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20554
Pierre G, Punta C, Delattre C et al (2017) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of polysaccharides: an ongoing story. Carbohydr Polym 165:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.028
Plappert SF, Liebner FW, Konnerth J, Nedelec JM (2019) Anisotropic nanocellulose gel–membranes for drug delivery: tailoring structure and interface by sequential periodate–chlorite oxidation. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115306
Pryce-Jones J (1936) Some fundamental aspects of thixotropy. J Oil Colour Chem Assoc 19:295–337
Rozenberga L, Skute M, Belkova L et al (2016a) Characterisation of films and nanopaper obtained from cellulose synthesised by acetic acid bacteria. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.025
Rozenberga L, Vikele L, Vecbiskena L et al (2016b) Preparation of nanocellulose using ammonium persulfate and method’s comparison with other techniques. Key Eng Mater 674:21–25. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.674.21
Rudie A (2017) Commercialization of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC): pathway and challenges. In: Kargarzadeh H, Ahmad I, Thomas S, Dufresne A (eds) Handbook of nanocellulose and cellulose nanocomposites. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 761–797
Russel WB, Grant MC (2000) Distinguishing between dynamic yielding and wall slip in a weakly flocculated colloidal dispersion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 161:271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00376-3
Saarikoski E, Rissanen M, Seppälä J (2015) Effect of rheological properties of dissolved cellulose/microfibrillated cellulose blend suspensions on film forming. Carbohydr Polym 119:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.033
Saito T, Isogai A (2004) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. The effect of oxidation conditions on chemical and crystal structures of the water-insoluble fractions. Biomacromolecules 5:1983–1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0497769
Saito T, Okita Y, Nge TT et al (2006) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose: microscopic analysis of fibrous fractions in the oxidized products. Carbohydr Polym 65:435–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.034
Serra A, González I, Oliver-Ortega H et al (2017) Reducing the amount of catalyst in TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers: effect on properties and cost. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110557
Sharma PR, Joshi R, Sharma SK, Hsiao BS (2017) A simple approach to prepare carboxycellulose nanofibers from untreated biomass. Biomacromolecules 18:2333–2342. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00544
Shinoda R, Saito T, Okita Y, Isogai A (2012) Relationship between length and degree of polymerization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 13:842–849
Siller M, Amer H, Bacher M et al (2015) Effects of periodate oxidation on cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 22:2245–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0648-5
Spence KL, Venditti RA, Rojas OJ et al (2010) The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: water interactions and physical properties for packaging applications. Cellulose 17:835–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9424-8
Sun X, Wu Q, Lee S et al (2016) Cellulose nanofibers as a modifier for rheology, curing and mechanical performance of oil well cement. Sci Rep 6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31654
Syverud K, Chinga-Carrasco G, Toledo J, Toledo PG (2011) A comparative study of Eucalyptus and Pinus radiata pulp fibres as raw materials for production of cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 84:1033–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.066
Tang Z, Li W, Lin X, Xiao H, Miao Q, Huang L, Chen L, Wu H (2017) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose with high degree of oxidation. Polymers 9(9):421. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090421
Tarrés Q, Saguer E, Pèlach MA et al (2016) The feasibility of incorporating cellulose micro/nanofibers in papermaking processes: the relevance of enzymatic hydrolysis. Cellulose 23:1433–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0889-y
Tarrés Q, Boufi S, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M (2017a) Enzymatically hydrolyzed and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers for the production of nanopapers: morphological, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Cellulose 24:3943–3954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1394-7
Tarrés Q, Ehman NV, Vallejos ME et al (2017b) Lignocellulosic nanofibers from triticale straw: the influence of hemicelluloses and lignin in their production and properties. Carbohydr Polym 163:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.017
Tarrés Q, Pèlach MÀ, Alcalà M, Delgado-Aguilar M (2017c) Cardboard boxes as raw material for high-performance papers through the implementation of alternative technologies: more than closing the loop. J Ind Eng Chem 54:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.05.016
Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M (2019) Towards the development of highly transparent, flexible and water-resistant bio-based nanopapers: tailoring physico-mechanical properties. Cellulose 26:6917–6932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02524-8
Ultrasound-assisted CN, Loranger E, Piché A-O, Daneault C (2012) Influence of high shear dispersion on the production of cellulose nanofibers by ultrasound-assisted TEMPO-oxidation of kraft pulp. Nanomaterials 2:286–297. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano2030286
Vecbiskena L, Rozenberga L (2017) Nanocelluloses obtained by ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation of bleached kraft pulp (BKP) and bacterial cellulose (BC) and their application in biocomposite films together with chitosan. Holzforschung 71:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0187
Vecbiskena L, Vikele L, Rozenberga L, Sable I (2016) Wood-based biocomposites: mechanical processing, physical and biological properties. Key Eng Mater 674:26–30
Wen C, Yuan Q, Liang H, Vriesekoop F (2014) Preparation and stabilization of d-limonene Pickering emulsions by cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 112:695–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.051
Winter HT, Cerclier C, Delorme N et al (2010) Improved colloidal stability of bacterial cellulose nanocrystal suspensions for the elaboration of spin-coated cellulose-based model surfaces. Biomacromolecules 11:3144–3151. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm100953f
Xu G, Liang S, Zhang M et al (2017) Studies on the electrochemical and dopamine sensing properties of AgNP-modified carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Ionics (Kiel) 23:3211–3218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2112-z
Yang H, Zhang Y, Kato R, Rowan SJ (2019) Preparation of cellulose nanofibers from Miscanthus x. Giganteus by ammonium persulfate oxidation. Carbohydr Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.008
Yoshida H, Kataoka T, Maekawa M, Nango M (1989) Surface diffusion of direct dyes in porous cellulose membranes. Chem Eng J 41:B1–B9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9467(98)80009-9
Zhang K, Sun P, Liu H et al (2016) Extraction and comparison of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals from bleached sugarcane bagasse pulp using two different oxidation methods. Carbohydr Polym 138:237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.038
Acknowledgments
Authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry to the Project NANOPROSOST, Reference CTQ2017-85654-C2-1-R and the European Regional Development Fund, Contract No. 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/211 (Agreement No. 1.1.1.2/16/I/001) “Study of novel method for nanocellulose isolation from biomass and its residues”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Filipova, I., Serra, F., Tarrés, Q. et al. Oxidative treatments for cellulose nanofibers production: a comparative study between TEMPO-mediated and ammonium persulfate oxidation. Cellulose 27, 10671–10688 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03089-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03089-7