Abstract
Community detection is the process of detecting communities in complex networks. Communities are important structures that can help us further study the properties of complex networks. In recent years, swarm intelligence algorithms have been applied to community detection and have achieved remarkable results. However, these existing algorithms have limited search ability and easily fall into the problem of local optima. In this paper, we propose a new community detection approach based on an improved whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The WOA is applied to a discrete symbol space in solving the community detection problem, therefore topology structure-based search strategies, adjustment and mergence policies, and evolutionary population method are designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the method. Then, a whale optimization algorithm with evolutionary population for community detection (EP-WOCD) is proposed. Extensive experiments are conducted to compare the EP-WOCD with other state-of-the-art algorithms on both artificial and real-world social networks. Experimental results show that the EP-WOCD is effective and stable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aloise D, Deshpande A, Hansen P, Popat P (2009) Np-hardness of euclidean sum-of-squares clustering. Mach Learn 75(2):245–248
Bello-Orgaz G, Salcedo-Sanz S, Camacho D (2018) A multi-objective genetic algorithm for overlapping community detection based on edge encoding. Inform Sci 462:290–314
Cai Q, Gong MG, Shen B, Ma LJ, Jiao LC (2014) Discrete particle swarm optimization for identifying community structures in signed social networks. Neural Netw 58:4–13
Cai Q, Gong MG, Ma LJ, Ruan SS, Yuan FY, Jiao LC (2015) Greedy discrete particle swarm optimization for large-scale social network clustering. Inform Sci 316:503–516
Chen HL, Yang CJ, Heidari A, Zhao XH (2019) An efficient double adaptive random spare reinforced whale optimization algorithm. Expert Syst Appl, 113018
Cohen Y, Hendler D, Rubin A (2018) Detection of malicious webmail attachments based on propagation patterns. Knowl-Based Syst 141:67–79
Corno F, Reorda MS, Squillero G (1998) The selfish gene algorithm: a new evolutionary optimization strategy. In: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM symposium on applied computing, vol 98, pp 349–355
Danon L, Duch J, Diaz-Guilera A, Arenas A (2005) Comparing community structure identification. J Stat Mech: Theory Exper 2005(09):P09008
Derenyi I, Palla G, Vicsek T (2005) Clique percolation in random networks. Phys Rev Lett 94:160202
Ding JJ, He XX, Yuan JQ, Chen Y, Jiang B (2018) Community detection by propagating the label of center. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 503:675–686
Gharehchopogh FS, Gholizadeh H (2019) A comprehensive survey: whale optimization algorithm and its applications. Swarm Evol Comput 48:1–24
Girvan M, Newman MEJ (2002) Community structure in social and biological networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(12):7821–7826
Got A, Moussaoui A, Zouache D (2020) A guided population archive whale optimization algorithm for solving multiobjective optimization problems. Expert Syst Appl 141:112972
Guendouz M, Amine A, Hamou RM (2017) A discrete modified fireworks algorithm for community detection in complex networks. Appl Intell 46(2):373–385
Guerrero M, Montoya FG, Banos R, Alcayde A, Gil C (2017) Adaptive community detection in complex networks using genetic algorithms. Neurocomputing 266:101–113
Handl J, Knowles JD (2007) An evolutionary approach to multiobjective clustering. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 11(1):56–76
Ji JZ, Song XJ, Liu CN, Zhang XZ (2013) Ant colony clustering with fitness perception and pheromone diffusion for community detection in complex networks. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 392(15):3260–3272
Jia C, Carson MB, Wang XY, Yu J (2018) Concept decompositions for short text clustering by identifying word communities. Pattern Recogn 76:691–703
Jin H, Yu W, Li SJ (2019) Graph regularized nonnegative matrix tri-factorization for overlapping community detection. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 515:376–387
Lancichinetti A, Fortunato S (2009) Benchmarks for testing community detection algorithms on directed and weighted graphs with overlapping communities. Phys Rev E 80:016118
Laskar NM, Guha K, Chatterjee I, Chanda S, Baishnab KL, Paul PK (2019) HWPSO: a new hybrid whale-particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application in electronic design optimization problems. Appl Intell 49(1):265–291
Le BD, Shen H, Nguyen H, Falkner N (2019) Improved network community detection using meta-heuristic based label propagation. Appl Intell 49(4):1451–1466
Lewis A, Mostaghim S, Randall M (2008) Evolutionary population dynamics and multi-objective optimisation problems. Multi-Objective Optimization in Computational intelligence: Theory and Practice, 185–206
Li LL, Jiao LC, Zhao JQ, Shang RH, Gong MG (2017) Quantum-behaved discrete multi-objective particle swarm optimization for complex network clustering. Pattern Recogn 63:1–14
Li W, Huang C, Wang M, Chen X (2017) Stepping community detection algorithm based on label propagation and similarity. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 472:145–155
Li Z, He L, Li Y (2016) A novel multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm for signed network community detection. Appl Intell 44(3):621–633
Liu Q, Zhou B, Li SD, Li AP, Zou P, Jia Y (2016) Community detection utilizing a novel multi-swarm fruit fly optimization algorithm with hill-climbing strategy. Arab J Sci Eng 41(3):807–828
Luo J, Shi B (2019) A hybrid whale optimization algorithm based on modified differential evolution for global optimization problems. Appl Intell 49(5):1982–2000
Maihami V, Yaghmaee F (2018) Automatic image annotation using community detection in neighbor images. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 507:123–132
Meng YY, Liu XY (2018) Quantum inspired evolutionary algorithm for community detection in complex networks. Phys Lett A 382(34):2305–2312
Mirjalili S, Lewis A (2016) The whale optimization algorithm. Adv Eng Softw 95:51–67
Moayedikia A (2018) Multi-objective community detection algorithm with node importance analysis in attributed networks. Appl Soft Comput 67:434–451
Newman MEJ (2004) Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks. Phys Rev E 69:066133
Pan QK, Sang HY, Duan JH, Gao L (2014) An improved fruit fly optimization algorithm for continuous function optimization problems. Knowl-Based Syst 62:69–83
Pizzuti C (2008) Ga-net: a genetic algorithm for community detection in social networks. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN X, pp 1081–1090
Rodriguez A, Laio A (2014) Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks. Science 344(6191):1492–1496
Romdhane LB, Chaabani Y, Zardi H (2013) A robust ant colony optimization-based algorithm for community mining in large scale oriented social graphs. Expert Syst Appl 40(14):5709– 5718
Santos JM, Embrechts M (2009) On the use of the adjusted rand index as a metric for evaluating supervised classification. In: Internationla conference on artificial neural networks, pp 175– 184
Shang RH, Bai J, Jiao LC, Jin C (2013) Community detection based on modularity and an improved genetic algorithm. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 392(5):1215–1231
Shen G, Ye DM (2017) A distance-based spectral clustering approach with applications to network community detection. J Indus Inform Integr 6:22–32
Socha K, Dorigo M (2008) Ant colony optimization for continuous domains. Eur J Oper Res 185(3):1155–1173
Sun Y, Yang T, Liu Z (2019) A whale optimization algorithm based on quadratic interpolation for high-dimensional global optimization problems. Appl Soft Comput 85(2019): 105744
Talbi H, Draa A (2017) A new real-coded quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm for continuous optimization. Appl Soft Comput 61:765–791
Tan Y, Zhu Y (2010) Fireworks algorithm for optimization. In: International conference in swarm intelligence, pp 355–364
Tanweer MR, Suresh S, Sundararajan N (2015) Self regulating particle swarm optimization algorithm. Inform Sci 294: 182–202
Tasgin M, Bingol HO (2019) Community detection using boundary nodes in complex networks. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 513:315–324
Wu WH, Kwong S, Zhou Y, Jia YH, Gao W (2018) Nonnegative matrix factorization with mixed hypergraph regularization for community detection. Inform Sci 435:263–281
Zhang P, Wang D, Xiao JH (2017) Improving the recommender algorithms with the detected communities in bipartite networks. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 471:147–153
Zhang XK, Ren J, Song C, Jia J, Zhang Q (2017) Label propagation algorithm for community detection based on node importance and label influence. Phys Lett A 381(33):2691–2698
Zhou X, Zhao X, Liu Y (2018) A multiobjective discrete bat algorithm for community detection in dynamic networks. Appl Intell 48(9):3081–3093
Zhu X (2002) Learning from labeled and unlabeled data with label propagation. Tech Report
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61976182, 61572406, 61573292, and 61602327). Key Techniques of integrated operation and maintenance for urban rail train dispatching control system based on artificial intelligence (No. 2019YFH0097).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feng, Y., Chen, H., Li, T. et al. A novel community detection method based on whale optimization algorithm with evolutionary population. Appl Intell 50, 2503–2522 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01659-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01659-7