Structural, optical and electrical properties of the microcrystalline structure of (Ba1-xY2x/3)(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3 ceramics
Introduction
Many piezoelectric devices are made from Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) based ceramics, which consist of more than 60% of Pb by weight (Xinyou et al., 2006; Cernea et al., 2012). Pb is toxic and there are concerns regarding environmental contamination from the evaporation of Pb during the fabrication process (Yi et al., 2005; Rodel et al., 2009). Therefore, it is imperative to develop non-toxic piezoelectric ceramics with good properties to replace PZT-based ceramics. The BaZrxTi1−xO3 (BZT) ceramics are a potential environmental friendly material for use as dielectrics in commercial multilayer capacitors and in highly tunable applications (Ghosh and Rout, 2016; Chandraiah et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2002; Hennings et al., 1982;Weber et al., 2001; Buscaglia et al., 2014). BZT ceramics possess good dielectric properties due to their low dielectric loss, high electrical resistance and composition-dependent Curie point (Chou et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2006; Tang et al., 2004a, Tang et al., 2004b). Dielectric measurements of BZT ceramics exhibit a normal ferroelectric behavior for 0 < x < 0.1, a diffuse phase transition in the range of 0.1 < x < 0.2 and a relaxor character for 0.2 < x < 0.5 (Hennings et al., 1982; Cai et al., 2010). BZT exhibits a perovskite-type rhombohedral structure at room temperature with zirconium (Zr) content up to 0.05 wt%. When Zr content is increased up to 0.08 wt%, the BZT ceramics form an orthorhombic structure and exhibit a broad permittivity at Tm, which is due to the inhomogeneous distribution of [ZrO6] clusters into the titanium (Ti) sites and/or the mechanical stresses on the grains (Badapanda et al., 2009). The structure transforms from tetragonal to pseudo-cubic when the Zr content is increased up to x ≈ 0.20 (Hennings et al., 1982). This composition is responsible for the phase transition from a ferroelectric to a relaxor in BZT materials. Recently, the effect of various dopants such as Mn, Ca, Yb, Nd, etc. on the crystal structure, morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) and polymorphic phase transitions (PPT) have been studied and have been shown to improve electrical properties of BZT ceramics (Chandraiah et al., 2016; Cai et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2002; Ghosh et al., 2014). Chandraiah et al. (2016) studied CaO-doped Ba1-xCax(Zr0.02Ti0.98)O3 ceramics produced by the solid-state reaction method. It was found that the piezoelectric charge constant (d33 = 248 pC/N), dielectric constant (εr = 2521) and remnant polarization (Pr = 4.22 μC/cm2) improved with the addition of 0.015 M CaO. Wang et al. (2002) reported that Yb-doped BaZr0.15Ti0.85O3 had a lower Curie temperature and enhanced permittivity values compared to the non-doped ceramics. Nd-doping in (Ba1-xNd2x/3)(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 ceramics induced peak broadening and simultaneously reduced the intensities of the Raman active modes, which suggested an increase in local symmetry caused by undistorted [ZrO6] and [NdO12] clusters in the lattice (Ghosh et al., 2014). Furthermore, Mn-doped BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 ceramics exhibited a lower dielectric constant and the Curie point also decreased when compared to unmodified BZT ceramics (Cai et al., 2010). Undoped BZT and doped BZT ceramics have been prepared by different methods, which can be divided into three main categories: solid-phase state, liquid-phase state and gas-phase state (Zheng et al., 2011). Like the traditional solid reaction methods, the solid-phase method has several benefits; for example, a shorter reaction time, less contamination, higher purity, simpler procedures, and it is also currently a popular method of synthesizing ferroelectric powder. Therefore, in this work, the addition of yttrium in [Ba1-xY2x/3](Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3; BYZT ceramics, prepared by the solid-state reaction method, was investigated. Moreover, from a survey of the literature, the effect of yttrium content on the microcrystalline, energy density, optical and electrical properties BYZT ceramics prepared by the solid-state reaction method has been rarely studied. In this paper, we studied the influence of yttrium (x) content on the microstructure, phase formation, optical and electrical properties (dielectric and ferroelectric properties) in BYZT ceramics.
Section snippets
Experimental
(Ba1-xY2x/3)(Zr0.20Ti0.80)O3; BYZT ceramics with x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 wt% were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. Barium carbonate; BaCO3 (≥98.5%, Sigma-Aldrich) zirconium oxide; ZrO2 (99.0%, Riedel-deHaën), titanium oxide; TiO2 (99.0–100.5%, Riedel-deHaën) and yttrium oxide; Y2O3 (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), were used as raw materials. All these chemical compounds were higher than 99% purity. A stoichiometric amount of the starting powders were weighed and ball-milled
Result and discussion
The X-ray diffraction patterns of BYZT ceramics with different x (Y3+) contents are shown in Fig. 1. At x = 0 wt% and 0.02 wt%, a single phase perovskite structure without any evidence of additional phases was observed. It implies that Y3+ ions had entered into the perovskite lattice. However, for x > 0.02 wt%. samples, a secondary phase of Y2O3 was formed. It may be due to the limit of solid solubility of Y3+ ions in the BYZT matrix. Moreover, the diffraction peaks of the samples gradually
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Rattiphorn Sumang: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Navavan Thongmee: Writing - review & editing. Theerachai Bongkarn: Writing - review & editing. Sasipohn Prasertpalichat: Writing - review & editing. Pinit Kidkhunthod: Writing - review & editing. Rattikorn Yimnirun: Writing - review & editing. Naratip Vittayakorn: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), Grant No.RDI-1-60-6-6. The authors wish to thank Professor David P. Cann at Oregon state university (OSU) and Naresuan University for supporting facilities. Thanks are given to Dr. Kyle V. Lopin and Dr. Nitish Kumar for their help in editing the manuscript.
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