ResearchOriginal ResearchNeighborhood Food Outlet Access and Dietary Intake among Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
Section snippets
Study Sample
The CRIC Study is a prospective observational multicenter study of risk factors for the progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease in people with mild to moderate CKD. Details of the study design and baseline characteristics of study participants have been published.29,30 Participants were recruited between 2003 and 2008 from seven US clinical centers in Ann Arbor, MI; Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Cleveland, OH; New Orleans, LA; Philadelphia, PA; and Oakland, CA. The flow diagram for sample
Results
Among the 2,484 participants in our study sample, the median age was 60 years (IQR 52 to 66) and 54% were male subjects (Table 2). Median dietary sodium intake was 2,587 mg/day (IQR 1,862 to 3,608), and dietary phosphorous intake was 1,053 (IQR 746 to 1,415) mg per day. There was a median of three (IQR one to seven) fast-food restaurants within 1 km of the census block groups, and a median of five outlets (IQR one to nine) when fast-food restaurants and convenience stores were combined into a
Discussion
This study is the first to examine the availability of fast-food restaurants, convenience, and grocery stores in a diverse cohort of adults with mild to moderate CKD. The results show that residential proximity to food outlets varies by gender, race or ethnicity, and income and may be most influential on dietary behaviors among female subjects with CKD and low income. Most participants had at least one fast-food restaurant or convenience store within 1 km of their census block group. Contrary
Acknowledgements
We thank Aster Xiang, geographic information system specialist for the Weight and Veterans’ Environments Study (R01CA172726), for assistance with construction of the food outlet measures.
Author Contributions
J. P. Lash, E. Cedillo-Couvert, and A. C. Ricardo conceived the research idea and study design. E. Cedillo-Couvert performed the geocoding and data linkage. J. M. Madrigal completed the analyses and led the writing. All authors assisted with data interpretation, writing, editing, and the final review of the manuscript.
J. M. Madrigal is a doctoral candidate, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago.
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Food Insecurity and Chronic Kidney Disease: Considerations for Practitioners
2023, Journal of Renal NutritionImpact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on food Security in Patients With chronic Kidney Disease
2023, Journal of Renal NutritionCitation Excerpt :The CRIC study carried out in different centers in the USA reported that men who live in places with access to food (numerous food stores, supermarkets, fast-food restaurants) consumed higher amounts of sodium and phosphorus, while women who lived in areas with less access to food reported a lower average intake of calories, sodium, and phosphorus. The population that had greater access to food and lower economic income reported a higher caloric intake35 and also a higher intake of sodium and phosphorus. Suarez et al.36 mention that having a low income is associated with lower levels of carotenoids and higher blood pressure, as well as a higher probability of CKD (OR = 1.76).
Two Dietary Patterns From China Might Benefit Kidney Function, as Indicated by Latent Profile Analysis
2022, Journal of Renal NutritionCitation Excerpt :Based on this, we aimed to ascertain latent dietary patterns in China in 2009 and identify any dietary patterns that might be beneficial kidney function. The diet is recognized as a modifiable factor in onset and progression of the decline in kidney function.7 According to studies on the role of nutrients and diet in the progression of CKD, high levels of phosphorus, protein, and fructose, as well as low levels of retinol, dietary fiber, and glucose, are most common in CKD patients.8-13
J. M. Madrigal is a doctoral candidate, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago.
A. C. Ricardo is an associate professor of medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago.
E. Cedillo-Couvert is a nephrologist, South Texas Renal Care Group, San Antonio.
L. J. Appel is a professor, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
C. A. M. Anderson is a professor, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla.
R. Deo is an associate professor, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
D. Sha is a biostatistician, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
J. Y. Hsu is an assistant professor of biostatistics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
L. L. Hamm is dean, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
D. Cornish-Zirker is a clinical research project manager, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
T. C. Tan is a senior research project manager, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland.
S. N. Zenk is a professor, Department of Health Systems Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
V. Persky is a professor, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
J. P. Lash is a professor of medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
M. R. Saunders is assistant professor of medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL.
Supplementary materials: Tables 1 and 3 are available at www.jandonline.org.
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
FUNDING/SUPPORT J. Madrigal is a trainee supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health fellowship under Grant Number T42 OH008672. Funding for the CRIC Study was obtained under a cooperative agreement from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (U01DK060990, U01DK060984, U01DK061022, U01DK061021, U01DK061028, U01DK060980, U01DK060963, and U01DK060902). In addition, this work was supported in part by the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Clinical and Translational Science Award National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) UL1TR000003, Johns Hopkins University UL1 TR-000424, University of Maryland General Clinical Research Center M01 RR-16500, Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland, UL1TR000439 from the NCATS component of the NIH and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research UL1TR000433, University of Illinois at Chicago Clinical and Translational Science Award UL1RR029879, University of Illinois at Chicago NIDDK K24-DK092290, Tulane Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Clinical and Translational Research in Cardiometabolic Diseases P20 GM109036, Kaiser Permanente NIH/National Center for Research Resources University of California, San Francisco–The Clinical & Translational Science Institute UL1 RR-024131.
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The CRIC Study Investigators additionally include Harold I. Feldman, MD, MSCE, Alan S. Go, MD, Jiang He, MD, PhD, Panduranga S. Rao, MD, Mahboob Rahman, MD, and Raymond R. Townsend, MD.