Abstract
Non-native Acacia plantations in Indonesia were first reported to be infested by a native ambrosia beetle species, identified as Euwallacea fornicatus in 1993. Recently the level of infestation in these plantations by ambrosia beetles has steadily increased. The recent redefinition of the taxonomic parameters of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex has resulted in the identity of the ambrosia beetle species in these plantations becoming unclear. This is also true for their obligate fungal associates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the ambrosia beetle species, as well as its corresponding fungal associate/s, infesting Acacia crassicarpa plantations in Riau, Indonesia. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene, revealed that the beetles are E. perbrevis, previously a synonym of E. fornicatus and commonly referred to as the Tea Shot Hole Borer A (TSHBa). Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the fungal associate of E. perbrevis revealed a Fusarium sp. that is among members of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC), but that is genetically distinct from other previously identified Fusarium symbionts of Euwallacea species. This novel fungal species is described here as Fusarium rekanum sp. nov.
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Acknowledgements
This study was initiated through the bilateral agreement between the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) and the April Group, RGE, Indonesia. We acknowledge members of Tree Protection and Cooperation Programme (TPCP) and the National Research Foundation (NRF, SFH170527234109), South Africa for financial support. We thank Darryl Herron, Arista Fourie, Joey Hulbert, Wilma Nel and members of the April Group, RGE, Indonesia, particularly Pantun David Mangatas Lumban Gaol and Hengki Marantika, for their technical assistance. Two anonymous reviewers provided valuable input that enabled us to improve the original manuscript, for which we are grateful.
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Supplementary Fig. 1
Phylogenetic analysis of the species in the Ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) using sequences obtained from the elongation factor 1- α (TEF1-α). The phylogram was constructed using maximum likelihood with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Isolates in bold were sequenced in this study. The 19 species within the AFC are identified as AF-1 to AF-19 using an ad hoc nomenclature (Kasson et al. 2013; Na et al. 2018). Fusarium neocosmosporiellum (NRRL22468) represents the outgroup. T represents ex-type (PDF 176 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
Phylogenetic analysis of the species in the Ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) using sequences obtained from the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). The phylogram was constructed using maximum likelihood with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Isolates in bold were sequenced in this study. The 19 species within the AFC are identified as AF-1 to AF-19 using an ad hoc nomenclature (Kasson et al. 2013; Na et al. 2018). Fusarium neocosmosporiellum (NRRL22468) represents the outgroup. T represents ex-type (PDF 184 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 3
Phylogenetic analysis of the species in the Ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) using sequences obtained from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The phylogram was constructed using maximum likelihood with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Isolates in bold were sequenced in this study. The 19 species within the AFC are identified as AF-1 to AF-19 using an ad hoc nomenclature (Kasson et al. 2013; Na et al. 2018). Fusarium neocosmosporiellum (NRRL22468) represents the outgroup. T represents ex-type (PDF 179 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
List of all fungi isolated from the beetle mycangium and brood galleries of ambrosia beetles infesting A. crassicarpa (PDF 98 kb)
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Lynn, K.M.T., Wingfield, M.J., Durán, A. et al. Euwallacea perbrevis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a confirmed pest on Acacia crassicarpa in Riau, Indonesia, and a new fungal symbiont; Fusarium rekanum sp. nov.. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 113, 803–823 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01392-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01392-8