Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by certain fungal species of the Fusarium genus are frequently found as contaminants in cereals and feedstuffs. Fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are of special concern relative to animal health and productivity. The aim of this work was to analyse the levels of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in samples of total mixed rations (TMRs) for dairy cows. To accomplish this analysis, an HPLC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method was developed and validated. The relation between the formulation of TMR samples and the presence of mycotoxins was also studied. From February 2016 to January 2018, a total of 193 TMR samples for dairy cows collected from farms located in different areas of Spain were analysed for the presence of FBs, ZEN, DON and their metabolites. In total, 112 samples (58%) were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, and 38 samples (20%) presented more than one mycotoxin. FBs were the mycotoxins most frequently found (34% positive samples). DON was detected in 17% of samples, and ZEN was detected in 16% of samples. Among the metabolites analysed, only deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were detected. The levels of all the Fusarium mycotoxins studied were always below the values recommended by the European Commission for feedstuffs. The wide variety of ingredients used in the formulation of the analysed samples made it difficult to reach definite conclusions, although it seemed that some cereal silages and concentrates such as cereals or compound feed used as ingredients of the TMR may be related to the presence of mycotoxins.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdallah MF, Girgin G, Baydar T, Krska R, Sulyok M (2017) Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in animal feed and maize samples from Egypt using LC-MS/MS. J Sci Food Agric 97:4419–4428. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8293
Bennett JW, Klich M (2003) Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:497–516. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
Berthiller F, Crews C, Dall’Asta C, De Saeger S, Haesaert G, Karlovsky P, Oswald IP, Seefelder W, Speijers G, Stroka J (2013) Masked mycotoxins: a review. Mol Nutr Food Res 57:165–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100764
Berthiller F, Cramer B, Iha MH, Krska R, Lattanzio VMT, MacDonald S, Malone RJ, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier SA (2018) Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017. World Mycotoxin J 11:5–32. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2017.2250
Bottalico A (1998) Fusarium diseases of cereals: species complex and related mycotoxin profiles, in Europe. J Plant Pathol 80:85–103
Cogan T, Hawkey R, Higgie E, Lee MRF, Mee E, Parfitt D, Raj J, Roderick S, Walker N, Ward P, Wilkinson JM (2017) Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production. Grass Forage Sci 72:601–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12265
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) (2003) Mycotoxins: risk in plant, animal and human systems. Council for agricultural science and technology. Ames, Iowa
De Boevre M, Di Mavungu JD, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, Eeckhout M, Maene P, Haesaert G, De Saeger S (2012) Natural occurrence of mycotoxins and their masked forms in food and feed products. World Mycotoxin J 5:207–219. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2012.1410
Döll S, Dänicke S (2011) The Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in animal feeding. Prev Vet Med 102:132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2011.04.008
Driehuis F, Spanjer MC, Scholten JM, te Giffel MC (2008a) Occurrence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs of dairy cows and estimation of total dietary intakes. J Dairy Sci 91:4261–4271. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1093
Driehuis F, Spanjer MC, Scholten JM, Te Giffel MC (2008b) Occurrence of mycotoxins in maize, grass and wheat silage for dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Food Addit Contam Part B 1:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210802236927
European Commission (EC) (2006) Commission recommendation (EC) no 576/2006 of 17 august 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin a, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. Off J Eur Union L229:7–9
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2004a) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain related to Zearalenone as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J 89:1–35. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.89
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2004b) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain related to Deoxynivalenol (DON) as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J 73:1–42. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2004.73
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2005) Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain related to fumonisins as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA J 235:1–32. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2005.235
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2017) Scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 15:4718. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718
Fink-Gremmels J (2008) The role of mycotoxins in the health and performance of dairy cows. Vet J 176:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.034
Gallo A, Giuberti G, Frisvad JC, Bertuzzi T, Nielsen KF (2015) Review on mycotoxin issues in ruminants: occurrence in forages, effects of mycotoxin ingestion on health status and animal performance and practical strategies to counteract their negative effects. Toxins (Basel) 7:3057–3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7083057
Garon D, Richard E, Sage L, Bouchart V, Pottier D, Lebailly P (2006) Mycoflora and multimycotoxin detection in corn silage: experimental study. J Agric Food Chem 54:3479–3484. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060179i
Horwitz W, Latimer GW (2006) Official methods of analysis od AOAC international, 18th edn, Gaithersburg
Kocasari FS, Tasci F, Mor F (2012) Survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products consumed in Burdur, Turkey. Int J Dairy Technol 65:365–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.2012.00841.x
Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V (2013) Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 60:218–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.047
McElhinney C, Danaher M, Elliott CT, O’Kiely P (2016) Mycotoxins in farm silages - a 2-year Irish national survey. Grass Forage Sci 71:339–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12191
Mol HGJ, Plaza-Bolaños P, Zomer P, de Rijk TC, Stolker AAM, Mulder PPJ (2008) Toward a generic extraction method for simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxins, plant toxins, and veterinary drugs in feed and food matrixes. Anal Chem 80:9450–9459. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801557f
Monbaliu S, Van Poucke C, Detavernier C, Dumoulin F, Van De Velde M, Schoeters E, Van Dyck S, Averkieva O, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S (2010) Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed as analyzed by a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. J Agric Food Chem 58:66–71. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903859z
Njobeh PB, Dutton MF, Åberg AT, Haggblom P (2012) Estimation of multi-mycotoxin contamination in south African compound feeds. Toxins (Basel) 4:836–848. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4100836
Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Adesogan AT (2018) Silage review: mycotoxins in silage: occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. J Dairy Sci 101:4034–4059. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13788
Panasiuk L, Jedziniak P, Pietruszka K, Piatkowska M, Bocian L (2019) Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland. Mycotoxin Res 35:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-018-0327-0
Payros D, Alassane-Kpembi I, Pierron A, Loiseau N, Pinton P, Oswald IP (2016) Toxicology of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms. Arch Toxicol 90:2931–2957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1826-4
Pereira VL, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC (2014) Mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs: a review on occurrence and recent methods of analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 36:96–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2014.01.005
Pereyra MLG, Chiacchiera SM, Da Rocha Rosa CA, Sager RL, Dalcero AM, Cavaglieri LR (2012) Fungal and mycotoxin contamination in mixed feeds: evaluating risk in cattle intensive rearing operations (feedlots). Rev Bras Med Vet 34:311–318
Pestka JJ (2007) Deoxynivalenol: toxicity, mechanisms and animal health risks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 137:283–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.006
Placinta CM, D’Mello JPF, MacDonald AMC (1999) A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 78:21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00278-8
Pleadin J, Vulić A, Zadravec M, Lesic T, Benic M, Tkalec VJ, Vahcic N (2017) Presence of Fusarium mycotoxins in feedstuffs and cow milk sampled from Croatian farms during 2015 | Prisutnost mikotoksina roda Fusarium u krmivima i kravljem mlijeku uzorkovanim sa hrvatskih farmi tijekom 2015. Mljekarstvo 67:102–111. https://doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2017.0202
Prelusky DB, Veira DM, Trenholm HL, Foster BC (1987) Metabolic fate and elimination in milk, urine and bile of deoxynivalenol following administration to lactating sheep. J Environ Sci Health B 22:125–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934528709375339
Rasmussen RR, Storm IMLD, Rasmussen PH, Smedsgaard J, Nielsen KF (2010) Multi-mycotoxin analysis of maize silage by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:765–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3545-7
Romera D, Mateo EM, Mateo-Castro R, Gómez JV, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Jiménez M (2018) Determination of multiple mycotoxins in feedstuffs by combined use of UPLC–MS/MS and UPLC–QTOF–MS. Food Chem 267:140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.040
Speijers GJA, Speijers MHM (2004) Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 153:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOXLET.2004.04.046
Streit E, Schatzmayr G, Tassis P, Tzika E, Marin D, Taranu I, Tabuc C, Nicolau A, Aprodu I, Puel O, Oswald IP (2012) Current situation of mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in animal feed—focus on Europe. Toxins 4:788–809. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4100788
Streit E, Schwab C, Sulyok M, Naehrer K, Krska R, Schatzmayr G (2013) Multi-mycotoxin screening reveals the occurrence of 139 different secondary metabolites in feed and feed ingredients. Toxins (Basel) 5:504–523. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5030504
Sulyok M, Berthiller F, Krska R, Schuhmacher R (2006) Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maize. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20:2649–2659. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2640
Tevell Åberg A, Solyakov A, Bondesson U (2013) Development and in-house validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 and B2 in vegetable animal feed. Food Addit Contam - Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30:541–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.760208
Whitlow LW, Hagler WM Jr (2005) Mycotoxins in dairy cattle: occurrence, toxicity, prevention and treatment. In: Proc Southwest Nutr Conf. http://www.dairyweb.ca/Resources/USWebDocs/Mycotoxins4.pdf. Accessed 12 Jun 2019
Yalçin NF, Işik MK, Avci T, Oguz H, Coskun B, Çiftci E (2016) The presence of mycotoxin in total mixed rations of dairy cattle in Konya and the surrounding provinces. Ataturk Univ vet Bilim Derg 11:22–31. https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.41068
Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Veprikova Z, Hajkova K, Jiru M, Vaclavikova M, Zachariasova A, Pospichalova M, Florian M, Hajslova J (2014) Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in European feeding stuffs, assessment of dietary intake by farm animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 193:124–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.007
Zhao Z, Liu N, Yang L, Deng Y, Song S, Lin S, Wu A, Zhou Z, Hou J (2015) Multi-mycotoxin analysis of animal feed and animal-derived food using LC-MS/MS system with timed and highly selective reaction monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:7359–7368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8898-5
Zhou Q, Li F, Chen L, Jiang D (2016) Quantitative analysis of 10 mycotoxins in wheat flour by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a modified QuEChERS strategy. J Food Sci 81:2886–2890. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13524
Acknowledgments
María Rodríguez-Blanco thanks the University of Lleida for a pre-doctoral grant. The authors would like to thank Montserrat Prim for her technical assistance. The authors thank colleagues of the Department of Chemistry and Physics of the University of Almeria (Spain), and specially Prof. Antonia Garrido, for their invaluable help in MS/MS chromatographic determinations.
Funding
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project AGL2014-55379-P).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rodríguez-Blanco, M., Marín, S., Sanchis, V. et al. Fusarium mycotoxins in total mixed rations for dairy cows. Mycotoxin Res 36, 277–286 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-020-00390-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-020-00390-z