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Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China

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Abstract

The concentrations, composition, sources, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil and surface water of the Liuxi River basin, south China were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 296.26 to 888.14 ng/g in topsoil and from 156.73 to 422.03 ng/L in surface water, indicating mild pollution. The PAHs in topsoil exhibited an even spatial distribution, suggesting that they originated primarily from dry and wet deposition of transported pollutants. The concentration of PAHs in surface water did not differ significantly geographically, but the concentrations of total, three-, and four-ring PAHs were significantly lower in the Liuxi River than in its tributaries. Three- and two-ring PAHs predominated in topsoil and surface water, respectively. A correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon content and pH exerted a negligible effect on the spatial distribution of PAHs in topsoil, and they may have common sources. Fossil fuel combustion (particularly vehicle emissions) and coking production were the dominant sources of PAHs in topsoil, whereas those in surface water were derived from a variety of sources. The total toxic equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs in topsoil ranged from 3.73 to 105.66 ng/g (mean, 30.93 ng/g), suggesting that exposure to the basin’s topsoil does not pose a risk to the environment or public health according to the Canadian soil quality guidelines. A risk assessment revealed that the total PAH concentrations in surface water posed a low ecological risk.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41771027, 41701585, 41961144027, 41907179 and 41471020), the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities of China (17lgpy40), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong, China (2017A030310309), Provincial Special Fund for Economic Development (Marine Economic Development) (GDME2018E005), and the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the Water Sciences Department of Guangdong Province (2018–2021) and CRRP2019-09MY-Onodera from APN. The English in this document has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English. For a certificate, please see: http://www.textcheck.com/certificate/7053vP.

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  1. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People’s Republic of China

    Zhenglan Xie, Lei Gao, Zuobing Liang, Jianyao Chen, Shaoheng Li, Yu Wu, Zhigang Yang, Rui Li & Zhuowei Wang

  2. Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China

    Zhenglan Xie, Lei Gao, Zuobing Liang, Jianyao Chen, Shaoheng Li, Yu Wu, Zhigang Yang, Rui Li & Zhuowei Wang

  3. School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China

    Aiping Zhu

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Xie, Z., Gao, L., Liang, Z. et al. Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 78, 401–415 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00711-4

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