Abstract
Stable intracellular and intercellular osmolarity is vital for all physiological processes. Although it is the first organ that receives food, the osmolarity around the mouth epithelium has never been systematically investigated. We found that oral epithelial cells are a population of ignored cells routinely exposed to hypertonic environments mainly composed of saline, glucose, etc. in vivo after chewing food. By using cultured oral epithelial cells as an in vitro model, we found that the hypotonic environments caused by both high NaCl and high glucose induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transcriptomics revealed similar expression profiles after high NaCl and high glucose stimulation. Most of the common differentially expressed genes were enriched in “mitophagy” and “autophagy” according to KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Hypertonic stimulation for 1 to 6 h resulted in autophagosome formation. The activation of autophagy protected cells from high osmolarity-induced cell death. The activation of Hsp70 by the pharmacological activator handelin significantly improved the cell survival rate after hypertonic stimulation. The protective role of Hsp70 activation was partially dependent on autophagy activation, indicating a crosstalk between Hsp70 and autophagy in hypertonic stress response. The extract of the handelin-containing herb Chrysanthemum indicum significantly protected oral epithelial cells from hypertonic-induced death, providing an inexpensive way to protect against hypertonic-induced oral epithelial damage. In conclusion, the present study emphasized the importance of changes in osmolarity in oral health for the first time. The identification of novel compounds or herbal plant extracts that can activate autophagy or HSPs may contribute to oral health and the food industry.
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Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Yang Xiang (91649120) and Sujiao Sun (81560697), the Research Foundation of China Tobacco Company (110201601005577 (XX-05)), the Research Foundation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd. (2018XY04) and Jiangxi Province (2018ACB21036, 20192 BC23004 and 20181BCD40001).
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Yang, J., Zhang, H., Sun, S. et al. Autophagy and Hsp70 activation alleviate oral epithelial cell death induced by food-derived hypertonicity. Cell Stress and Chaperones 25, 253–264 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-020-01068-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-020-01068-2