Abstract
Recent complex changes in social, dietary, and behavior routines led to a significant increase in functional and immune disorders of the human gastrointestinal tract. Volatile essential oils from major food commodities such as culinary and medicinal plants (spices) hold the potential to protect the digestive system from abusive agents and immune hypersensitivity by modulating inflammation and gut microbiome. Here we identify 8 botanical interventions including fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Ros.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton), and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oils that prevented gastric ulcer formation, reduced production of gastric acids, or promoted upper gastrointestinal healing in preclinical or early phase human studies. These oils were further evaluated for their biochemical constituents, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities to provide insight into potential mechanisms of action in vivo. With a few current human studies in support of these findings, there is a critical opportunity to further examine clinical effects, efficacy, and acceptability of botanical essential oils to manage upper gastrointestinal health and wellbeing.
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Abbreviations
- GRAS:
-
Generally recognized as safe
- NSAID:
-
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- DALY:
-
Disability adjusted life years
- ODC:
-
Ornithine decarboxylase
- EGF:
-
Epidermal growth factor
- MIC:
-
Minimal inhibitory concentration
- DATS:
-
Diallyl trisulfide
- MBC:
-
Minimum bactericidal concentration
- IBS:
-
Inflammatory bowel syndrome
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by North Carolina State University faculty start-up funds (Grant No. 429350-02567 to S.K.), Higher Education Commision, Pakistan (Grant No. 2018 to M.T.), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Grant No. 2018 to N.C.R.).
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Tanveer, M., Wagner, C., ul Haq, M.I. et al. Spicing up gastrointestinal health with dietary essential oils. Phytochem Rev 19, 243–263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09664-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09664-x