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Phase transformation at controlled locations in nanowires by in situ electron irradiation

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Abstract

Solid state phase transformations have drawn great attention because they can be effectively exploited to control the microstructure and property of materials. Understanding the physics of such phase transformation processes is critical to designing materials with controlled structure and with desired properties. However, in traditional ex situ experiments, it is hard to achieve position controlled phase transformations or obtain desirable crystal phase on nanometer scale. Meanwhile the underlying mechanisms of the reaction processes are not fully understood due to the lack of direct and real-time observation. In this paper, we observe phase transformation from body-centered tetragonal PX-PbTiO3 to monoclinic TiO2(B) on the atomic scale by in situ electron irradiation during heat treatment in transmission electron microscope, at pre-defined locations on the sample. We demonstrate that by controlling the location of the incident electron beam, a porous TiO2(B) crystal structure can be formed at the desired area on the nanowire, which is difficult to achieve by traditional synthesis methods. Upon in situ heating, the Pb atoms in the crystal migrate out of the pristine nanowire through inelastic scattering under incident electrons while high temperature(> 400 °C) provides energy for the crystallization of TiO2(B) and the volatilization of a substantial number of Pb atoms, which makes the resultingTiO2(B) nanowires to be porous. In contrast, at temperatures 400 °C, the segregated Pb atoms form Pb particles and the TiOx nanowires remain in the amorphous state. This work not only provides in situ visualization of the phase transition from the PX-PbTiO3 to monoclinic TiO2(B), but also suggests a crystallography engineering strategy to obtain the desired crystal phase at controlled locations on the nanometer scale.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11327901, 11525415, 51420105003, 61974021, 51972058, and 11774051) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2242018K41020).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210096, China

    Hongtao Zhang, Wen Wang, Tao Xu, Feng Xu & Litao Sun

  2. Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China

    Litao Sun

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  1. Hongtao Zhang
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Correspondence to Feng Xu or Litao Sun.

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Zhang, H., Wang, W., Xu, T. et al. Phase transformation at controlled locations in nanowires by in situ electron irradiation. Nano Res. 13, 1912–1919 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2711-2

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