Non-myopic dynamic routing of electric taxis with battery swapping stations
Section snippets
Introduction and motivation
The effects of GHG on climate change encourage engineers and planners to consider a revolution in the transportation segment particularly in the public transit system and on-demand mobility service. For instance, 28 % of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2009 are caused by the transportation segment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). This is in the weighty part because 97 % of U.S. transportation energy is highly dependent on oil (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2010). Thus, it is
Literature review
The main difference between the traditional DARP and the EV-DARP is that electric vehicles have battery capacity restrictions, and thus their battery may need to be recharged during serving customers. The routing of EVs over the road where the battery capacity is limited and must be recharged at a recharging station or exchanged with a full battery at the BSS was first introduced by Ichimori et al. (1981). For this problem, there are static models or dynamic models without a look-ahead policy
Problem definition
Customers send their service requests to the dispatch center for any specific pickup locations to drop-off locations. Then, the dispatch system makes optimal decisions dynamically on taxi routes, prices, and schedules by containing battery management and detours of taxi drivers to battery swapping stations (BSS). The empty battery can be changed with a full battery quickly in one to two minutes by being swapped instead of recharged. The subgraph of vehicle routing and pricing problem is defined
Mathematical formulations
We propose a new dynamic dispatch of electric taxis that incorporates battery swapping stations. This system provides scheduling and sequencing of serving customers who have pickup and drop-off requests; uses a dynamic pricing policy, tour length, and customer delay; and improves social welfare. An energy consumption function is used to estimate the energy at each location, where it implements a TSPPD with battery capacity constraints to obtain potential tours. We run a dynamic dispatch policy
Numerical examples
Numerical calculations were performed to verify the efficiency of the proposed problem of routing of electric taxis in the real-world application. The experiments had two goals: (1) to determine whether the proposed methodology is applicable in terms of inputs and outputs of the model and (2) to prove whether the proposed non-myopic routing of electric taxis problem can improve the social welfare and fuel consumption compared to the myopic case. In order to show the outputs of our model such as
Conclusion
The first system for dynamic non-myopic routing of electric taxis with battery swapping stations under non-myopic pricing policy is proposed. We implemented a more realistic energy consumption function that considers depletions in the battery stemming from the transmission (gear) system and the motor. We also formulated and solved the TSPPD with battery capacity constraints in order to obtain potential tours, and used it in our dynamic dispatch policy. The tour length and social welfare could
Disclaimer
The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Center for Transportation, Environment, and Community Health (CTECH) and other project sponsors or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation project CMMI-1462289 and the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, UK. The authors are grateful to the Editor in Chief of the journal, and two anonymous reviewers, for their valuable comments.
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