Abstract
In this work, caffeine was used as a natural additive in the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Mean particle size and ζ-potential of the particles, glass transition temperature, and molecular weight of polymer chains were not affected by caffeine. However, caffeine improved considerably the colloidal stability of polymer dispersions at ionic strength of 1.0 mol L−1 NaCl. Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectra in the attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR) of PMMA synthesized with CTAB or SDS in the presence of caffeine showed shifts of caffeine bands assigned to isolated and conjugated carbonyl groups to higher wavenumbers, indicating favorable interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed interactions between the negatively charged sulfate and the caffeine imidazole ring and between positively charged ammonium group and the isolated carbonyl of the caffeine. Such interactions are responsible for the improved colloidal stability of polymer dispersions synthesized with caffeine. Cell viability assays showed that adding caffeine at 26 × 10−3 mol L−1 in the polymerization reaction is enough to prevent C. albicans growth in waterborne polymer dispersions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Capek I (2001) On the role of oil-soluble initiators in the radical polymerization of micellar systems. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 91:295–334
Chern CS (2006) Emulsion polymerization mechanisms and kinetics. Prog Polym Sci 31:443–486
Thickett SC, Gilbert RG (2007) Emulsion polymerization: state of the art in kinetics and mechanisms. Polymer 48:6965–6991
Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M (2012) Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity. Prog Polym Sci 37:281–339
Makvandi P, Gu JT, Zare EN, Ashtari K, Moeini A, Tay FR, Niu L (2019) Polymeric and inorganic nanoscopical antimicrobial fillers in dentistry. Acta Biomater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.025
Yang Y, Cai Z, Huang Z, Tang X, Zhang X (2017) Antimicrobial cationic polymers: from structural design to functional control. Polymer J 50:33–44
Ergene C, Yasuhara K, Palermo EF (2018) Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers: recent advances in molecular design. Polym Chem 9:2407–2427
Carmona-Ribeiro AM, Carrasco LDM (2013) Cationic antimicrobial polymers and their assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 14:9906–9946
Blachechen LS, Fardim P, Petri DFS (2014) Multifunctional cellulose beads and their interaction with gram positive Bacteria. Biomacromolecules 15:3440–3448
Zhang L, Peng XM, Damu GLV, Geng RX, Zhou CH (2014) Comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 34:340–437
Wais U, Nawrath MM, Jackson AW, Zhang H (2018) Triclosan nanoparticles via emulsion-freeze-drying for enhanced antimicrobial activity. Colloid Polym Sci 296:951–960
Reeder NL, Xu J, Youngquist RS, Schwartz J, Rust RC, Saunders CW (2011) The antifungal mechanism of action of zinc pyrithione. Br J Dermatol 165:9–12
Calo JR, Crandall PG, O’Bryan CA, Ricke SC (2015) Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems—a review. Food Control 54:111–119
Krepker M, Prinz-Setter O, Shemesh R, Vaxman A, Alperstein D, Segal E (2018) Antimicrobial carvacrol-containing polypropylene films: composition. Structure and Function Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10010079
Al Reef T, Ghanem E (2018) Caffeine: well-known as psychotropic substance, but little as immunomodulator. Immunobiology 223:818–825
Raut JS, Chauhan NM, Shinde RB, Karuppayil SM (2013) Inhibition of planktonic and biofilm growth of Candida albicans reveals novel antifungal activity of caffeine. J Med Plants Res 7:777–782
Sledz W, Los E, Paczek A, Rischka J, Motyka A, Zoledowska S, Piosik J, Lojkowska E (2015) Antibacterial activity of caffeine against plant pathogenic bacteria. Acta Bioch Pol 62:605–612
Burgess SK, Lee JS, Mubarak CR, Kriegel MR, Koros WJ (2015) Caffeine antiplasticization of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate): effects on gas transport, thermal, and mechanical properties. Polymer 65:34–44
Ali U, Karim KJBA, Buang NA (2015) A review of the properties and applications of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Polym Rev 55:678–705
Naves AF, Palombo RR, Carrasco LDM, Carmona-Ribeiro AN (2013) Antimicrobial particles from emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of quaternary ammonium surfactants. Langmuir 29:9677–9684
Sanches LM, Petri DFS, Carrasco LDM, Carmona-Ribeiro AM (2015) The antimicrobial activity of free and immobilized poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride in nanoparticles of poly (methylmethacrylate). J Nanobiotechnol 13:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-015-0123-3
Galvão C, Sanches L, Mathiazzi B, Ribeiro R, Petri DFS, Carmona-Ribeiro AM (2018) Antimicrobial coatings from hybrid nanoparticles of biocompatible and antimicrobial polymers. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102965
Gilbert R (1995) Emulsion polymerization: a mechanistic approach. Academic Press, London
Pecora R (2000) Dynamic light scattering measurement of nanometer particles in liquids. J Nanopart Res 2:123–131
Berg JC (2010) An introduction to interfaces and colloids: the bridge to nanosciences. World Scientific, Singapore
Castro LBR, Soares KV, Naves AF, Carmona-Ribeiro AM, Petri DFS (2004) Synthesis of stable polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) particles in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 43:7774–7779
Gaussian 09, Revision A.02, Frisch MJ et al. (2016) Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT
Vieira DB, Carmona-Ribeiro AM (2006) Cationic lipids and surfactants as antifungal agents: mode of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 58:760–767
Chen W, Liu W, Liu Y, Bang Y, Kim H (2010) Synthesis of PMMA and PMMA/PS nanoparticles by microemulsion polymerization with a new vapor monomer feeding system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 364:145–150
Porter CE, Blum FD (2000) Thermal characterization of PMMA thin films using modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Macromolecules 33:7016–7020
Johnson NO, Light TP, MacDonald G, Zhang Y (2017) Anion−caffeine interactions studied by 13C and 1H NMR and ATR−FTIR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 121:1649–1659
Furtado LM, Hilamatu KCP, Balaji K, Ando RA, Petri DFS (2020) Miscibility and sustained release of drug from cellulose acetate butyrate/caffeine films. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 55:101472
Tavagnacco L, Schnupf U, Mason PE, Saboungi M-L, Cesaro A, Brady JW (2011) Molecular dynamics simulation studies of caffeine aggregation in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem B 115:10957–10966
Al-Maaieh A, Flanagan DR (2002) Salt effects on caffeine solubility, distribution, and self-association. J Pharm Sci 91:1000–1008
Dário AF, Macia HB, Petri DFS (2012) Nanostructures on spin-coated polymer films controlled by solvent composition and polymer molecular weight. Thin Solid Films 524:185–190
Goldschmidt A, Streitberger HJ (2007) BASF handbook on basics of coating technology2nd edn. Vincentz Network, Hannover, pp 352–360
Pereira EMA, Kosaka PM, Rosa H, Vieira DB, Kawano Y, Petri DFS, Carmona-Ribeiro AM (2008) Hybrid materials from intermolecular associations between cationic lipid and polymers. J Phys Chem B 112:9301–9310
Acknowledgments
Authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Brazilian Funding Agency “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq Grants 132550/2018-0, 171250/2017, 306848/2017, 421014/2018, and 302352/2014-7). We also thank LNNano-CNPEM (Project TEM 24370, Campinas, Brazil) for the TEM measurements.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 613 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Calheiros, T.F., Furtado, L.M., Carmona-Ribeiro, A.M. et al. Physicochemical and antifungal properties of waterborne polymer nanoparticles synthesized with caffeine. Colloid Polym Sci 298, 341–353 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04615-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04615-6