Skip to main content
Download PDF

Co-expressing GroEL–GroES, Ssa1–Sis1 and Bip–PDI chaperones for enhanced intracellular production and partial-wall breaking improved stability of porcine growth hormone

Microbial Cell Factories volume 19, Article number: 35 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Porcine growth hormone (pGH) is a class of peptide hormones secreted from the pituitary gland, which can significantly improve growth and feed utilization of pigs. However, it is unstable and volatile in vitro. It needs to be encapsulated in liposomes when feeding livestock, whose high cost greatly limits its application in pig industry. Therefore we attempted to express pGH as intracellular soluble protein in Pichia pastoris and feed these yeasts with partial wall-breaking for swine, which could release directly pGH in intestine tract in case of being degraded in intestinal tract with low cost. In order to improve the intracellular soluble expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris and stability in vitro, we optimized the pGH gene, and screened molecular chaperones from E. coli and Pichia pastoris respectively for co-expressing with pGH. In addition, we had also explored conditions of mechanical crushing and fermentation. The results showed that the expression of intracellular soluble pGH protein was significantly increased after gene optimized and co-expressed with Ssa1–Sis1 chaperone from Pichia pastoris. Meanwhile, the optimal conditions of partial wall-breaking and fermentation of Pichia pastoris were confirmed, the data showed that the intracellular expression of the optimized pGH protein co-expressed with Ssa1–Sis1 could reach 340 mg/L with optimal conditions of partial wall-breaking and fermentation. Animal experiments verified that the optimized pGH protein co-expression with Ssa1–Sis1 had the best promoting effects on the growth of piglets. Our study demonstrated that Ssa1–Sis1 could enhance the intracellular soluble expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris and that partial wall-breaking of yeast could prevent pGH from degradation in vitro, release targetedly in the intestine and play its biological function effectively. Our study could provide a new idea to cut the cost effectively, establishing a theoretical basis for the clinic application of unstable substances in vitro.

Introduction

The porcine growth hormone (pGH) is a single-chain polypeptide hormone produced by the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland [1,2,3]. pGH makes an important impact on the regulation of postnatal growth [2], effectively regulates metabolism [4] and promotes muscle growth [5].

The recombinant protein was secreted into the extracellular domain or located in the cytoplasm through the Golgi body after the endoplasmic reticulum synthesis process [6]. Proteins must be strictly checked before transported to ensure their correct folding [7]. The molecular chaperone is a class of molecules that play an important role in protein translation, transport, folding and modification [8]. Pichia pastoris Hsp40 family members have many ways to identify and delivery misfolded proteins [9]. Especially Ssa1 and Sis1, play a very important role in the formation of the correct native conformation of nascent peptides. Hsp 70 (including chaperones Bip and PDI) can identify the structural characteristics of most of the initial peptide chains to help them fold properly [10]. Bip can prevent the accumulation of errors in the peptide chain. PDI can identify disulfide bond to help the protein fold correctly, as supported by our previous observations [11]. And E. coli GroE (including chaperones GroEL and GroES) could form complexes with non-native polypeptides to avoid intermolecular aggregation formation of newly synthesized proteins [12]. Co-expression of molecular chaperones is a common method to enhance the intracellular soluble expression of recombinant proteins, which focused mainly on the E. coli expression system [13,14,15]. However, defects in prokaryotic posttranslational modification, as well as production of insoluble and non-secreted protein, limited the effectiveness of this system. Therefore, pGH expression studies have transferred to eukaryotic expression systems such as mammalian cell [16], yeast [17] and insect cell systems [18]. However, the yield of pGH in these eukaryotic expression systems is too low to be applied for production and the high cost is another limitation in its application.

It is well-known that Pichia pastoris protein expression system offers various advantages [19] including the success in high level production of a variety of heterologous proteins both intra- and extracellularly [20,21,22]. However, Pichia pastoris is a eukaryotic expression system, of which gene expression regulation system and material metabolic system were much more complex than prokaryotes expression systems, and the expression of some heterogeneous proteins in Pichia pastoris is unsatisfactory [11, 22]. Therefore, improvement of Pichia pastoris expression system is very important, such as the discovery of novel promoters, effective chaperones co-expression, optimization of transcriptional regulatory regions, optimization of target gene sequence, and selection of target gene copy number [23,24,25].

pGH could be successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris cells by optimizing the codon composition, and accounted for 10% of the intracellular total protein, which had the same activity as the growth hormone extracted from the pituitary gland [17], but this yield was still not high enough for commercialization. Meanwhile, pGH has a short half-life (20–30 min) and is easily degraded by protease like other proteins in the gastrointestinal tract [26]. pGH is not suitable for extracellular expression, therefore, we chose intracellular expression of pGH protein and hoped to expand the practical application of pGH in animal husbandry by using partially broken yeast cells for feeding. Until now, mechanical disruption had been used to completely break up cells and completely released intracellular substances [27], but not partial wall-breaking. Partial wall-breaking was beneficial to protect unstable proteins in cells and did not require liposomes for coating. At the same time, the time of partially broken cell walls degraded by intestinal enzymes was controllable. Therefore, targeted release of intracellular substances in intestine could be achieved by the use of partial wall-breaking process, which could promote to exert effectively the biological activity of intracellular proteins. Historically, pGH was derived from the pituitary glands of slaughtered pigs, limiting the available quantities and setting the price correspondingly high. By partially breaking the cell wall of yeast expressing pGH, the subsequent tedious purification steps were avoided, which brought about low-cost investment.

It was seldom reported how to cut down costs, promote effectively biological activity through partial wall-breaking and increase intracellular expression by molecular chaperone screening until now [28, 29]. The low yield of pGH was not suitable enough for commercialization. So we firstly optimized the nucleotide sequence of pGH. Secondly, in order to increase the intracellular yield, the optimized pGH was co-expressed with molecular chaperones from Pichia pastoris and E. coli, respectively. At the same time, the optimum parameters of partial wall-breaking and fermentation conditions were also investigated. Finally, the biological activity of pGH was further verified by cell and animal experiments. Our study laid a foundation for intracellular soluble expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris and provided a new direction for the application of substances easily degraded in vitro.

Materials and methods

Strains and plasmids

Strains Pichia pastoris X33, E. coli DH5α and plasmids pPICZA, pGro7, pPIC9K, pGAPZA, pGAPHA were purchased from Invitrogen (CA, USA). Plasmids pEASY-Blunt and pPAO [11] was kindly provided by the National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding (Guangzhou, China). Small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was a gift from Deng Yiqun, South China Agricultural University. Landrace × Large White pigs were purchased from Swine Seed Breeding Center of Guangzhou and kept under standard farming conditions.

Construction of expression plasmids

Cloning of pGH gene and construction of expression vector

To improve the expression level of recombinant pGH protein in Pichia pastoris, we used a novel deterministic computational algorithm COStar for codon optimization [30, 31]. The optimized pGH (GenBank: MH472824) has the following properties: enhanced Pichia pastoris codon usage bias of the heterologous gene, no unwanted cleavage sites for restriction enzymes and negative cis-acting elements, reduced number of highly repetitive nucleotide sequences, adaptive G + C content, and local formation of the transcribed mRNA secondary structure is inhibited. We designed a cloning approach based on synthetic overlapping primers and a PCR assembly strategy to construct a synthetic vector.

pGH fragment without signal peptide sequence (GenBank:X53325), the pGH cDNA (GenBank: M17704.1) which was obtained by amplification of the cDNA from the total RNA of porcine cerebellum by pGH primers [32], was used as template for optimization to generate a set of 12 overlapping oligonucleotides. A mixture of the oligonucleotides was used in first-round ten cycles of PCR procedure using KOD-FX polymerase to generate the coding sequence. Then, the region for Xho I/EcoRI restriction site was added to the 5′ terminal of the synthesized fragment in the second round PCR using the primer pGH-forward. At the same time, Xba I/NotI restriction site was linked to the 3′ terminal using the primer pGH-reverse [33]. The detailed steps were shown in Supplemental file. The complete artificial DNA was inserted into expression vector pPICZA to construct the plasmid pPICZA-optimized-pGH/pPICZA-pGH, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Construction of chaperone co-expression plasmids

Construction of chaperone GroEL–GroES co-expression plasmids

Using the plasmid pGro7 as a template, primers GroEL-F/GroEL-R and primers GroES-F/GroES-R were used to amplify GroEL and GroES genes. Both GroEL and GroES genes were treated with Restriction endonuclease EcoRI and NotI respectively. After recovery, T4 ligase was used to connect the GroEL gene fragment or the GroES gene fragment with Pichia pastoris expression vector pGAPZA, which was also treated with both endonuclease EcoRI and NotI. Then the obtained plasmid pGAPZA–GroEL was treated with endonuclease BamHI mononuclease, and the plasmid pGAPZA–GroES was double digested with BamHI and BglII enzymes. The fragment of plasmid pGAPZA–GroEL was cut by the endonuclease BamHI mononuclease and the small fragment of plasmid pGAPZA–GroES was cut by the double enzymes BamHI and BglII. Fragments were connected by T4-link enzymes to construct pGAPZA–GroEL–GroES plasmid.

The GroEL–GroES expression box obtained after double-digesting the pGAPZA–GroEL–GroES plasmid with BglII and BamHI. Then the 9 K small fragment DNA containing the Amp coding frame and the pBR replication initiator obtained after digesting the pPIC9K plasmid by the endonuclease BglII enzyme were connected to construct the pGAPZA-LS-Amp plasmids.

The DNA fragment obtained by digesting pGAPZA-LS-Amp plasmid with BglII enzyme was dephosphorylated by CIAP and ligated with the 9 K large fragment DNA obtained by digesting the pPIC9K plasmid with BglII, to construct the pPIC9K-GAP-LS plasmid.

Construction of chaperone Ssa1–Sis1 co-expression plasmids

The hygromycin resistance gene ORF was amplified from pPAO plasmid, using the primer pair hyg-F/hyg-R. The resulting fragment was used to replace the Zeocin resistant gene located in pGAPZA plasmid by omega-PCR [30]. We designed a pair of chimeric primers for replacement of Zeocin resistant gene with hygromycin resistance gene. The 5′ sequences of the forward chimeric primer (Hyg-Zeo-F) and the reverse chimeric primer (Hyg-Zeo-R) were identical to the flanking sequences of Zeocin resistant gene, while the 3′ parts of these primers were respectively identical to the 5′ end and 3′ end of the hygromycin resistance gene. In the first PCR, the target hygromycin resistance gene was amplified from pPAO with chimeric primers. In the second PCR, the denatured strands of the PCR product containing the hygromycin resistance gene were served as megaprimers annealing to the flanking sequence of the Zeocin resistant gene in the plasmid pGAPZA. Thereby, the Zeocin resistance gene fragment was replaced by the target hygromycin resistance gene fragment in the de novo circular plasmid with two staggered nicks at the end (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). After treatment with DpnI, the PCR product was transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells. The pGAPHA transformants were screened by a pair of primers, called hyg-F and hyg-R. We also constructed the G418-resistance plasmid, pGAPKA, by replacing the Zeocin resistance gene of the pGAPZA with the G418 resistance gene using the procedure described above (Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

The Pichia pastoris Ssa1 gene was amplified from chromosomal DNA of Pichia pastoris X33 using the forward primer Ssa1-F and reverse primer Ssa1-R. The PCR product of Ssa1 gene was digested with XhoI and XbaI and inserted into the vector pGAPKA resulting in pGAPKA–Ssa1 placing the gene under control of the GAP promoter. The Pichia pastoris Sis1 gene was also amplified from chromosomal DNA of Pichia pastoris X33 using forward primer Sis1-F and reverse primer Sis1-R. The EcoRI/NotI amplicon was cloned into EcoRI/NotI-digested pGAPKA and pGAPHA resulting in pGAPKA-Ssa1 and pGAPHA-Sis1, respectively. In order to co-express both Ssa1 and Sis1, the 5′ -untranslated region of GPR1 mRNA (RefSeq: NM_001180094) termed GPR, the internal ribosome entrysites (IRES) element from S. cerevisiae [31], was cloned into pGAPKA containing an upstream Ssa1 and a downstream GRP. The GPR fragment was amplified from S. cerevisiae S288c genomic DNA with primers GPR-F/GPR-R.

Insertion omega-PCR [30] was used to construct pGAPKA–Ssa1–GPR (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). The target GPR being inserted into downstream of Ssa1 in pGAPKA–Ssa1 was amplified from GPR fragment with chimeric primers GPR-Insert-F/GPR-Insert-R containing XhoI site in the first PCR. In the second PCR, the denatured strands of the GPR-containing PCR product were served as megaprimers annealing to the flanking sequences of the insertion site on the pGAPKA–Ssa1 plasmid to form a ῼ-shaped structure. Thereby, GPR fragment was integrated into the pGAPKA–Ssa1 (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). After treatment with DpnI, the PCR product was transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells. The pGAPKA–Ssa1–GPR transformants were screened by a pair of primers GPR-F/GPR-R. The plasmid pGAPKA–Ssa1–GPR–Sis1 was constructed by inserting the Sis1 gene into the XhoI–XbaI sites of plasmid pGAPKA-Ssa1-GPR.

Construction of chaperone Bip–PDI co-expression plasmids

Similar to the above procedure, insertion omega-PCR [30] was used to construct pGAPKA–PDI–GPR (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The Bip and PDI genes were amplified from chromosomal DNA of Pichia pastoris X33 using primers Bip-F/Bip-R and PDI-F/PDI-R. The target GPR being inserted into downstream of PDI in pGAPKA–PDI was amplified from GPR fragment with chimeric primers GPR-Insert-F/GPR Insert-R containing XhoI site in the first PCR. In the second PCR, the denatured strands of the GPR-containing PCR product were served as megaprimers annealing to the flanking sequences of the insertion site on the pGAPKA–PDI plasmid to form a ῼ-shaped structure. Thereby, GPR fragment was integrated into the pGAPKA–PDI (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). After treatment with DpnI, the PCR product was transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells. The pGAPKA–PDI–GPR transformants were screened by a pair of primers GPR-F/GPR-R. The plasmid pGAPKA–Bip–GPR–PDI was constructed by inserting the Bip gene into the XhoI–XbaI sites of plasmid pGAPKA–PDI–GPR. All primers were listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. All plasmids were confirmed by DNA sequencing, and the plasmids used in this study were shown in Additional file 1: Table S2 and Fig. S4.

Generation of Pichia pastoris strain expressing intracellular recombinant optimized pGH

Pichia pastoris X33 electro-competent cells were transformed with SacI-linearized pPICZA-pGH. Positive transformants were screened on methanol (BMGY) containing 1000 μg/mL Zeocin. And X33 colonies were further verified by colonies PCR using universal primers 5′ AOX1 and 3′ AOX1.

Pichia pastoris X33 electro-competent cells were transformed with SacI-linearized pPICZA-optimized-pGH. Positive transformants were screened on BMGY containing 1000 μg/mL Zeocin. Transformants confirmed by PCR were grown overnight in BMGY to prepare for the competent cells, and they will be used for the second round of electroporation. For the construction of strains co-expressing with chaperones. BlnI-linearized pPIC9K-GAP-LS, pGAPKA–Ssa1–GPR–Sis1 and pGAPKA–Bip–GPR–PDI were transformed into strains harboring different copy of optimized pGH gene by electroporation respectively. The transformants were screened on BMGY plates containing 1000 μg/mL G418.

Small-scale pGH expression and purification

Transforming strains were cultivated in BMGY culture medium containing 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 6.0), 1.34% (w/v) yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 4 × 10−5% (w/v) biotin, and 0.5% glycerol (w/v) (BMGY), respectively. Cultivations were performed in 500 mL flasks containing 50 mL of BMGY and were incubated at 20 °C with 230 rpm for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h respectively. Then, the cells were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min, and the cell pellet was resuspended in 50 mL of BMGY. To maintain the expression of the product, 100% of methanol was added to a final concentration of 0.5% (v/v) every 24 h. After 48 h of induction, cells were collected by centrifugation. The samples were resuspended in 300 μL of Lysis buffer. An equal volume of acid-washed glass beads was added, and cells were disrupted by vortexing ten times for 30 s at 4 °C. The lysate was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C and supernatant was collected.

The supernatant of soluble pGH was applied onto a HisTrap affinity chromatography column (BIO-RAD, Poly-Prep Chromatography Columns, Catalog 731-1550), which was previously equilibrated with 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.5). The column was washed with 6 × bed volumes of the same buffer containing 5 mM imidazole to obtain F liquid. Then the column was washed with 5 mL 10 mM imidazole in the same buffer to obtain W1 fraction, and repeated this step to obtain W2 fraction. 0.5 mL 250 mM imidazole in the same buffer was added to column to obtain E1 fraction, and then repeat three times to obtain E2, E3 and E4 fractions.

Similarly, the supernatant of insoluble pGH was applied onto a HisTrap affinity chromatography column. The column was washed with 6 × bed volumes of the same buffer containing 8 M urea (pH 8.0) to obtain F liquid. Then the column was washed with 5 mL 8 M urea (pH 6.3) in the same buffer to obtain W1 fraction, and repeated this step to obtain W2 fraction. 0.5 mL 8 M urea (pH 4.5) in the same buffer was added to column to obtain E1 fraction, and then repeat three times to obtain E2, E3 and E4 fractions. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and all fractions were subjected to SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Extraction of intracellular proteins from Pichia pastoris

Protein extractions from cytoplasmic and membrane associated fractions were done according to Shen et al. [34]. Briefly, strains were harvested and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min when the OD600 reached 6, and the strains were washed in PBS (pH 7.4), then resuspended in 300 μL of Lysis buffer. An equal volume of acid-washed glass beads was added, and cells were disrupted by vortexing ten times for 30 s at 4 °C The lysate was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C and supernatant was collected. The pellet was further resuspended in 100 μL lysis buffer plus 2% SDS. After centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C, the supernatants containing the membrane-associated proteins were collected. 20 μg of cytoplasmic proteins or membrane associated proteins was analyzed by SDS–PAGE and Western blot whose concentration was determined by BCA protein assay (Additional file 1: Fig. S5).

SDS–PAGE analysis and Western blot assays

Equal amounts of extracted intracellular proteins were analyzed on 15% (w/v) SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), after electrophoresis, gels were stained with Coomassie blue R-250 for 2 h. Then 0.25 M KCl decolorizing solution was added and decolorized for many times until the protein band was clearly visible. For Western blot assay, the proteins were transferred to PVDF membrane and the membrane was incubated at 37 °C with 50 mL 5% (w/v) skimmed milk for 2 h. And then the membrane was washed 3 times with PBS for 15 min each time. Afterward, the membrane was incubated with a 1:3000 dilution of pGH polyclonal antibody [33] overnight at 4 °C and incubated with HRP conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (CWBIO, China) at a dilution of 1:5000 at 37 °C for 1 h. After each incubation, the membrane was washed 3 times with PBST for 15 min each time. Immunoreactive bands were visualized with Enhanced HRPDAB Chromogenic Substrate Kit (TIANGEN, China). Protein bands on SDS–PAGE were estimated by ImageJ software.

Optimization of fermentation conditions of pGH in Pichia pastoris

The pGH1-Ssa1/Sis1 strains were scraped from the BMGY plate and placed in 250 mL shake flasks containing 50 mL BMGY with 0.5% (v/v) methanol at 28 °C, pH 6.0, and 200 rpm for 16-24 h. The seed liquids were transferred to shake flasks and fermented under conditions (temperature (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C) and pH (3.0. 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) for 48 h, respectively). After crushing, intracellular expression levels of pGH protein were detected by SDS–PAGE in the whole cell samples and the supernatant samples of Pichia pastoris cells.

pGH protein biological activity analysis

pGH protein biological activity analysis was evaluated by MTT method [35]. Briefly, IPEC-J2 cell line, a gift from Deng Yiqun, South China Agricultural University, were maintained in Dulbecco’s MEM nutrient mix F12 (DMEM-F12) (1:1) (Gibico, Guangzhou, China) with 10% (v/v) FCS (Gibico, Guangzhou, China) at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Prior to the treatment, IPEC-J2 cells were resuspended by trypsinization with trypsin–EDTA (0.25%) and seeded into 24-well plates at 2 × 105 cells/well without antibiotics (final concentration of the cell suspension was 5 × 104 cells/mL). The cells were inoculated to 96 wells and cultured for 18 h at 5% CO2, 37 °C. After cell adherence, pGH was added to the final concentrations of 0, 25, 75, 125 μg/L and cultured for 24 h, 36 h, 48 h for MTT assay and cell number count (cell viability after treatment exceeded 90% as assessed by Trypan blue dye exclusion), respectively. Then 10 μL MTT solution was added to each well for 4 h. Finally, 150 μL dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well and placed on a shaking at 200 rpm for 15 min, so that the crystallinity was fully dissolved and the absorbance value at OD490nm was measured (Stimulation Index (%) = The OD value of the experimental group/The OD value of the control group × 100%).

Preparation of Pichia pastoris X33 with partial broken wall

Based on the results from “SDS–PAGE analysis and western blot assays” section, effect of Ssa1–Sis1 was most remarkable among the three conditions. Therefore, optimized-pGH-Ssa1/Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) Pichia pastori X33 was used for further investigation. After pGH expression, pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 Pichia pastori X33 was crushed by JN-02C Low Temperature Ultra High Pressure Continuous Flow Cell Breaker (JNBIO, Guangzhou, China) under pressure of 300, 500, 700, 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 bar, respectively. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, simulated gastric fluid (as follows: 1.64 mL diluted hydrochloric acid and 1 g pepsin were dissolved in 100 mL pure water) and simulated intestinal fluid (as follows: 1 g trypsin and 0.68 g KH2PO4 were dissolved in 100 mL pure water, the pH was adjusted to 6.8 by 0.1 M NaOH) were prepared [36]. To determine the content of pGH1-Ssa1/Sis1 protein in Pichia pastoris X33, 1 g pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 Pichia pastori X33 was collected by centrifugation after adding to 100 mL simulated gastric fluid for 6 h [37], then added to 100 mL simulated intestinal fluid and the amount of pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 protein was determined by ELISA every hour [38]. Briefly, samples after incubation with the simulated intestinal fluid were incubated with a 1:3000 dilution of pGH polyclonal antibody [33] overnight at 4 °C and incubated with HRP conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (CWBIO, China) at a dilution of 1:5000. The reaction was visualized with TMB and stopped with 1 M H2SO4 and resulted in an OD450 value. Results were representative of three biological replicates.

Clinical observation

Landrace × Large White pigs were used in this study. Ten 22-day-old piglets were divided into five groups. The A group was orally administrated with PBS, the B group was orally administrated with 2 mg/kg body weight purified pGH, the C group was orally administrated with 10 mg/kg body weight Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1 with non-broken wall, the D group was orally administrated with 10 mg/kg body weight Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1 with partial-broken wall, the E group was orally administrated with 10 mg/kg body weight Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 with partial broken wall. The dosage of 2 mg/kg body weight purified pGH (10 mg Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 with partial broken wall was equivalent to 2 mg purified pGH based on results from “pGH protein biological activity analysis” section was used for oral administration since we have previously found this to yield better growth-promoting responses in piglets in our experiments (Zhang et al., unpublished data). All formulations were delivered in a total volume of 5 mL and were applied using a 1 cm 3 tuberculin syringe attached to an 18-gauge feeding needle, which were passed down the oral cavity and the esophagus, and into the stomach. The treatment for each group was repeated once with a 3-day interval post first administration. The body weight of piglets was measured and the growth rate was calculated every 14 days. The growth rate was calculated according to the statistics of weight growth/growth time. All animal experiments were performed according to national regulations and institutional guide-lines.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS 9.1.3). Differences in expression levels were investigated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means of the values were compared using Duncan’s multiple comparison tests. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Construction of recombinant strains of pGH gene and expression of pGH proteins

By extracting the total RNA from porcine cerebellum and obtaining cDNA from reverse transcriptase, the pGH gene was obtained by pGH primer amplification. The amplification products and pPICZA vectors were connected by EcoRI and NotI double enzyme digestion, and the intracellular expression vector pPICZA–pGH of Pichia pastoris was constructed. Then pGH single and muticopy strains were generated by transformation of Pichia pastoris X33 with the linearized vector pPICZA–pGH. After PCR amplification, a stripe with the same size (pGH specific uniform bands appeared at 570 bp) as the target gene was shown in Fig. 1. Meanwhile, SDS–PAGE and Western-blot were used to detect the intracellular protein secretion of pGH in Pichia pastoris cells. We observed the specific protein bands in the whole cell lanes with 22 kDa (Fig. 2), while the same protein bands were not visible in the corresponding cell broken supernatant.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Cloning and recombination of pGH. a Cloning of pGH genes (GenBank: X53325). Using the cDNA of pGH gene obtained after the reverse transcription of total cerebellum RNA as a template, the pGH full-length gene was cloned by amplification of pGH gene primer. Lane 1, EcoRI and NotI amplification product with enzyme cleavage site, lane 2, XhoI and XbaI amplification product with enzyme cleavage site, lane M, DL2000 standard molecular weight DNA Marker. b Construction recombination of pPICZA–pGH. pPICZA–pGH was linearized by SacI, to transformed into Pichia pastoris X33, which was screened by Zeocin, and the colony PCR was performed with general primers 5′ AOX1 and 3′ AOX1. Lanes 1–5, the intracellular expression of pGH in Pichia pastoris X33, lane M, DL2000 standard molecular weight DNA Marker

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Expression of pGH in Pichia pastoris X33. a Intracellular expression of pGH protein by SDS–PAGE. Lane 1, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lane 2, the expression of pGH protein in the whole cells after cultivation for 12 h, lane 3, the expression of pGH protein in the broken cells supernatant after cultivation for 12 h, lane 4, the expression of pGH protein in the whole cells after cultivation for 24 h, lane 5, the expression of pGH protein in the broken cells supernatant after cultivation for 24 h, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein. b Intracellular expression of pGH protein by Western-blot. Lane M, Dual Color standard molecular weight pre-dye Marker, lane 1, the expression of pGH protein in the broken cells supernatant after cultivation for 12 h, lane 2, the expression of pGH protein in the whole cells after cultivation for 12 h, lane 3, the expression of pGH protein in the broken cells supernatant after cultivation for 24 h, lane 4, the expression of pGH protein in the whole cells after cultivation for 24 h, lane 5, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample

Full size image

Therefore, Pichia pastoris expression vector with pGH gene was successfully constructed, and pGH protein expressed in Pichia pastoris cells was mainly in the form of inclusion bodies.

Intracellular expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris X33 after optimization of pGH gene

COStar software was used to optimize the encoding sequence of pGH. The optimized results were that the base sequence similarity between the optimized sequence and the original sequence was 70.35%, and the GC value in the optimized sequence was 43.0%. The full length of the optimized pGH gene was obtained by overlapping PCR (Additional file 1: Figs. S6 and S7). Then the recombinant strains containing optimized pGH gene were generated by transformation of Pichia pastoris X33 with the linearized intracellular vector pPICZA. The clone X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH (pGH1) strain was induced with 0.5% (v/v) methanol for gene expression at 30 °C for 24 h, the cells were collected by centrifugation, then the pGH protein yield was detected by SDS–PAGE and Western-blot. Data showed that compared with the control group, the optimized pGH had a strong up-regulation effect on total pGH protein of Pichia pastoris cells after 24 h of induction (Fig. 3a). However, the majority of the expressed pGH is associated to the inclusion bodies as insoluble protein (Fig. 3), and the yield of soluble pGH protein in the cells was not significantly enhanced as judged from the intensity of protein bands.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Intracellular expression of pGH in Pichia pastoris X33 after gene optimization. a SDS–PAGE analysis of soluble and insoluble protein fractions of Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH under the control of AOX1 promoter after induction at 30 °C. Lanes 1 and 6, non optimized pGH gene for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant after induction cultivation for 12 h and 24 h, lanes 2 and 7, non optimized pGH gene for the expression of insoluble pGH protein in whole cells after induction cultivation for 12 h and 24 h, lanes 3 and 8, optimized pGH gene for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant after induction cultivation for 12 h and 24 h, lanes 4 and 9, optimized pGH gene for the expression of insoluble pGH protein in whole cells after induction cultivation for 12 h and 24 h, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein, lane 5, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample. b Western-blot analysis of pGH protein of Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH under the control of AOX1 promoter after induction at 30 °C for 24 h. lane 1, optimized pGH gene for the expression of insoluble pGH protein in broken cells sedimentation, lane 2, non optimized pGH gene for the expression of insoluble pGH protein in broken cells sedimentation, lane 3, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lane 4, optimized pGH gene for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant, lane 5, non optimized pGH gene for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant, lane M, Dual Color standard molecular weight pre dye Marker, lane 6, optimized pGH gene for the expression of total pGH protein in whole cells, lane 7, non optimized pGH gene for the expression of total pGH protein in whole cells

Full size image

Construction of recombinant strains containing optimized pGH gene and chaperone genes

Co-expression of E. coli chaperone GroEL–GroES protein and pGH protein in Pichia pastoris

The pGH1–GroEL/GroES strain was obtained by genetic engineering. The strains were cultured in BMGY medium. The expression of pGH protein in the broken samples supernatant was detected. The results showed that after co-expression of GroEL–GroES molecular chaperones with optimized pGH gene at 30 °C for 24 h, there were no visible pGH protein band in the cells’ supernatant. The results of Western-blot showed that co-expression of molecular chaperones GroEL–GroES could increase expression level of soluble pGH protein (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Detection of co-expression of pGH with GroEL–GroES in Pichia pastoris.a SDS–PAGE analysis of soluble protein fractions from Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH alone and with GroEL–GroES co-expression. Lanes 1–5, samples of the intracellular supernatant of the co-expressing strain after induction, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein, lane 6, the sample of the intracellular supernatant of the co-expressing strain before induction, lane 7, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample. b Western-blot analysis of soluble protein fractions from Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH alone and with GroEL–GroES co-expression. Lanes 1–5, samples of the intracellular supernatant of the co-expressing strain after induction, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein, lane 6, the sample of the intracellular supernatant of the co-expressing strain before induction, lane 7, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample. The G418 concentration of the expression strains of lanes 1–3 was 1.0 mg/mL, the G418 concentration of the expression strains of lanes 4 and 5 was 2.0 mg/mL

Full size image

Co-expression of Pichia pastoris chaperone Ssa1–Sis1 protein and pGH protein in Pichia pastoris

The pGH1-Ssa1/Sis1 strain was obtained by genetic engineering. The strain was cultured in BMGY medium containing 0.5% (v/v) methanol, then the strains were collected by centrifugation every 12 h, to analyze the content of pGH protein both in Pichia pastoris total cell protein and intracellular soluble protein. The results showed that after centrifugation of extracts of these strains of Pichia pastoris, the pGH target protein-specific bands (soluble pGH protein) can be detected in the supernatant of broken pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 cells (Fig. 5a). However, the total yield of pGH protein expression in Pichia pastoris cells was not increased in our study. Western-blot detection results also showed that co-expression of yeast chaperones Ssa1–Sis1 with the optimized pGH dramatically improved the intracellular soluble pGH production in Pichia pastoris (Fig. 5b).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Detection of co-expression of pGH with Ssa1–Sis1 in Pichia pastoris.a SDS–PAGE analysis of pGH protein from Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH alone and with Ssa1–Sis1 co-expression. Lanes 1–4, X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH (pGH1) for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant cultivation for 48 h, 36 h, 24 h, and 12 h, lane 5, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein, lanes 6–9, X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH–Ssa1–Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant cultivation for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, lane 10, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lanes 11 and 12, pGH1 and pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 for the expression of total pGH protein in whole cells cultivation for 48 h. b Western-blot analysis of intracellular soluble pGH protein fractions from Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH alone and with Ssa1–Sis1 co-expression. Lanes 1–4, X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH–Ssa1–Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant cultivation for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, lane M, Dual Color standard molecular weight pre dye Marker, lane 5, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lanes 6–9, X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH (pGH1) for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant cultivation for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h

Full size image

Co-expression of Pichia pastoris chaperone Bip–PDI protein and pGH protein in Pichia pastoris

The pGH1-Bip/PDI strain was obtained by genetic engineering. The strains were cultured in BMGY medium containing 0.5% (v/v) methanol, then the cells were collected by centrifugation every 12 h. The results showed that after co-expression of Bip–PDI molecular chaperones with optimized pGH gene at 30 °C for 24 h, there were no visible pGH protein band in the cells’ supernatant (SDS–PAGE), and the yield of insoluble pGH protein showed a decrease after induction in Pichia pastoris cells (Fig. 6). The results of Western-blot showed that co-expression of molecular chaperone Bip–PDI reduced the expression level of the pGH protein, meanwhile the amount of soluble pGH protein in the supernatant remained unchanged (Fig. 6b).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Detection of co-expression of pGH with Bip–PDI in Pichia pastoris.a SDS–PAGE analysis of soluble and insoluble protein fractions from Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH alone and with Bip–PDI co-expression. Lane 1, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein, lanes 2 and 3, X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH (pGH1) and X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH–Bip–PDI (pGH1–Bip/PDI) for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant for 12 h, lanes 4 and 5, pGH1 and pGH1–Bip/PDI for the expression of insoluble pGH protein in broken cells sedimentation for 12 h, lanes 6 and 7, pGH1 and pGH1-Bip/PDI for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant for 24 h, lanes 8 and 9, pGH1 and pGH1–Bip/PDI for the expression of insoluble pGH protein in broken cells sedimentation for 24 h. b Western-blot analysis of soluble and insoluble protein fractions from Pichia pastoris X33 expressing optimized pGH alone and with Bip–PDI co-expression. Lane 1, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lanes 2 and 3, X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH (pGH1) and X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH–Bip–PDI (pGH1–Bip/PDI) for the expression of total pGH protein in whole cells cultivation for 12 h, lane M, Dual Color standard molecular weight pre dye Marker, lanes 4 and 5, pGH1 and pGH1–Bip/PDI for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant cultivation for 12 h, lanes 6 and 7, pGH1 and pGH1–Bip/PDI for the expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant cultivation for 24 h

Full size image

Effect of cultivation conditions on intracellular soluble pGH protein yield in pGH1-Ssa1/Sis1

Effect of temperature in the expression of pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 protein in Pichia pastoris

In our study, the yield of soluble pGH protein with co-expressed Ssa1/Sis1 was the highest. So pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 was used to research the effect of culture conditions on intracellular soluble pGH protein amounts in Pichia pastoris. The pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 strains were inoculated on BMGY containing 0.5% (v/v) methanol, and the bacteria were incubated at 25 °C, 20 °C and 15 °C, respectively. After crushing, the pGH protein expression in whole cells and in the intracellular soluble supernatant by SDS–PAGE (Fig. 7a). SDS–PAGE results showed that pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 strains could express pGH protein in Pichia pastoris cells in different levels at different temperatures. The expression level of pGH was low at 25 °C and 15 °C. The yield of pGH was the highest at 20 °C, and the production of intracellular soluble pGH protein in the supernatant was also the highest at 20 °C.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Effect of cultivation conditions on intracellular soluble pGH protein yield in X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH1–Ssa1–Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1). a Effect of temperature on expression of protein in pGH1-Ssa1/Sis1 of Pichia pastoris. Lane 1, expression of total pGH protein in the whole cells cultivation at 15 °C, lane 2, expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant at 15 °C, lane 3, expression of total pGH protein in the whole cells cultivation at 20 °C, lane 4, expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant at 20 °C, lane 5, expression of total pGH protein in the whole cells cultivation at 25 °C, lane 6, expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant at 25 °C, lane 7, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein. b Effect of pH on expression of protein in X33-pPICZA-optimized pGH1–Ssa1–Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) of Pichia pastoris. Lanes 1–5, expression of soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant with pH values of 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein, lane 6, Pichia pastoris X33 of control sample, lanes 7–11, expression of total pGH protein in the whole cell samples with pH values of 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0. c Soluble level of pGH protein (mg protein per liter of fermentation broth) after fermentation in optimized-pGH–Ssa1/Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) of Pichia pastori X33. d Insoluble level of pGH protein (mg protein per liter of fermentation broth) after fermentation in optimized-pGH–Ssa1/Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) of Pichia pastoris X33. The results of three independent experiments were indicated as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 indicated significant differences vs. 15 °C group, **p < 0.01 indicated highly significant differences vs. 15 °C group

Full size image

Effect of pH in the expression of pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 protein in Pichia pastoris

The pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 strains were inoculated on BMGY containing 0.5% (v/v) methanol, and the strains were incubated at pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. After crushing, the whole cell samples and the supernatant samples were detected by SDS–PAGE for intracellular expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris cells. SDS–PAGE results showed that in Pichia pastoris pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1, the expression of pGH protein in the cells’ supernatant was not obviously changed at different pH values, and the yield of pGH protein in the whole cell samples at pH 6.0 was the highest (Fig. 7b).

From all above results we could concluded that the best culture condition for pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 strains to express pGH protein in Pichia pastoris cells is at 20 °C and pH 6.0, for 48 h.

Purification of pGH protein after expression in Pichia pastoris

The pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 strains were inoculated in BMGY containing 0.5% (v/v) methanol, the strains were collected at 20 °C with pH 6.0, for 48 h. After crushing, the samples were recovered and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The SDS–PAGE results showed that both soluble pGH protein and insoluble pGH protein were purified by nickel affinity chromatography (Fig. 8a, b), and there were specific protein bands around 22 kDa. After purification, the concentration of pGH protein was determined by BCA protein quantitative method. Compared to controls, the results showed (Fig. 7c, d) yields for the intracellular soluble pGH protein of 70 mg/L (p < 0.01), insoluble pGH protein of 270 mg/L, and total pGH protein of in cells was 340 mg/L (p < 0.01).

Fig. 8
figure 8

Purification of pGH protein after fermentation in optimized-pGH–Ssa1/Sis1 (pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1) of Pichia pastori X33. a Intracellular soluble pGH protein in broken cells supernatant, lane 1, F fraction, lane 2, W1 fraction, lane 3, W2 fraction, lane 4, E1 fraction, lane 5, E2 fraction, lane M, Dual Color standard molecular weight pretreated Marker, lane 6, E3 fraction. b The insoluble pGH protein in broken cells sedimentation. Lane 1, F fraction, lane 2, W1 fraction, lane 3, W2 fraction, lane 4, E1 fraction, lane 5, E2 fraction, lane 6, E3 fraction, lane 7, E4 fraction, lane M, the standard molecular weight Marker of 3452 wide type protein

Full size image

pGH protein biological activity analysis

The soluble pGH protein and insoluble pGH protein were used to stimulate cultured pig intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. The cell proliferation was measured by MTT method after 24 h, 36 h and 48 h, and the results were shown in Fig. 9. Compared with the control group, the soluble pGH protein in concentrations of 25 μg/L (p < 0.05), 75 μg/L (p < 0.05) and 125 μg/L (p < 0.01), had significant proliferative effects in pig small intestinal epithelial cells, while the insoluble pGH protein don’t. The stimulation index of soluble pGH protein was significantly superior to the observed for the insoluble protein (p < 0.05). For example, the relative proliferation rate of soluble pGH (125 μg/L) was 249% of the control group, while insoluble purified pGH protein (125 μg/L) was only 118% of the control group (p > 0.05). As expected, the trend of dividing cell number in culture was similar with the MTT data (Fig. 9c, d).

Fig. 9
figure 9

pGH protein biological activity. a Effect of different concentrations soluble pGH protein on proliferation of porcine intestinal epithelial cells by MTT assay. b Effect of different concentrations insoluble pGH protein on proliferation of porcine intestinal epithelial cells by MTT assay. c Effect of different concentrations soluble pGH protein on proliferation of porcine intestinal epithelial cells according to the number of dividing cells in culture. d Effect of different concentrations insoluble pGH protein on proliferation of porcine intestinal epithelial cells according to the number of dividing cells in culture. The results of three independent experiments were indicated as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 indicated significant difference vs. 0 μg/L pGH treatment. **p < 0.01 indicated highly significant difference vs. 0 μg/L pGH treatment

Full size image

Partial wall breakage of Pichia pastoris X33

The pGH1-Ssa1/Sis1 Pichia pastori X33 was crushed with 300, 500, 700, 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 bar respectively, and the content of pGH after incubation in simulated stomach and intestinal fluid was measured (Fig. 10). The pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 was fully released in 0 h with Pichia pastoris X33 crushed by 1500 bar. It is all known that the residence time of food in the intestine was about 4 h [37], and the data indicated that Pichia pastoris X33 crushed by 1300 bar released completely the pGH in the intestinal fluid at 3 h. Therefore, 1300 bar was selected to prepare partial broken-wall of Pichia pastoris X33 for further functional analysis.

Fig. 10
figure 10

Effect of pressure parameters on cell wall breakage. The cell walls of Pichia pastoris were crushed at 300 to 1500 bars, respectively, and the content of soluble pGH protein was determined in 100 mL simulated intestinal fluid every hour (mg pGH protein per liter of simulated intestinal fluid). The results of three independent experiments were indicated as mean ± SD

Full size image

Clinical experimental analysis

Animal experiments were used to further validate the feasibility of our research. Animal experiment data showed that oral treatment with Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1 with partial-broken wall and Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 with partial broken wall had significant effects on the weight of piglets (p < 0.05 vs. PBS group) and the change of body weight and the growth rate was the most significant in Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 with partial broken wall treatment group (p < 0.05 vs. PBS group) (Fig. 11). Besides, animal experiments also confirmed that partial wall-breaking of Pichia pastoris was conducive to the release of intracellular substances and promoted the growth of piglets (p < 0.05 vs. Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1 with non-broken wall group). Compared to PBS group, the results further confirmed our assumption that co-expression of chaperone and partial wall-breaking could indeed promote effectively the biological activity of intracellular proteins.

Fig. 11
figure 11

Animal experimental analysis. Piglets were orally administered with PBS, purified pGH, Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1 with non-broken wall, Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1 with partial-broken wall, and Pichia pastoris X33/pGH1–Ssa1/Sis1 with partial broken wall. The body weight was detected and growth rate was counted every 14 days. a The effect of pGH on the body weight of piglets. b The effect of pGH on growth rate of piglets. The results of three independent experiments were indicated as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 indicated significant difference vs. PBS group, #p < 0.05 indicated significant difference between groups

Full size image

Discussion

pGH had a significant effect on muscle growth and nutrition distribution. However, the cost of extracting pGH from pituitary gland was too high for commercial applications in animal husbandry. Reports on the efficient expression of recombinant pGH protein by bacterial expression systems were still insufficient. Previous studies have focused on improving the yield of pGH by optimizing the conditions of extracellular secretion of pGH, while pGH intracellular soluble expression has rarely been reported [22, 39]. Moreover, the yield of recombinant pGH is not satisfactory in current expression systems, and pGH is easily degraded in vitro, which limits its biological activity. In this study, in order to improve the yield of pGH and its biological activity of pGH, the pGH gene was optimized and co-expressed with molecular chaperones from different sources and families to determine the optimal combination.

Pichia pastoris was developed as an efficient host for heterologous gene expression using promoter from the methanol-induce alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) gene [40], and can be grown to high cell-density. Moreover, Pichia pastoris is an excellent system for expressing heterologous proteins to high levels in soluble and secreted forms [41, 42]. Up to now, more than 1000 exogenous proteins have been successfully expressed in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The exogenous gene sequence was a key factor affecting expression level in Pichia pastoris. Synonymous codon usage bias is a common phenomenon among organism, and codon preference in genes have a significant effect on expression levels of the host [43, 44]. Codon optimization has been repeatedly demonstrated to significantly improve expression levels of exogenous functional genes [11, 4,46,47,48]. To improve expression level of pGH, pGH gene sequence was optimized according to the codon preference of Pichia pastoris. Both optimized and not optimized pGH genes could be successfully expressed in protein in Pichia pastoris, but after pGH gene optimization, the yield of recombinant pGH protein was significantly higher than the non optimized, which was consistent with the existing reports. However, there was no change in the yield of intracellular soluble pGH protein, which was still in low level. It was possible that pGH protein occurred in wrong fold, when it is overexpressed intracellularly in Pichia pastoris.

Molecular chaperones are proteins that have a role in facilitating the folding of the polypeptides as well as in their assembly into oligomeric structures, translocation and degradation [49]. In addition, molecular chaperones could effectively increase protein expression by co-expression [11]. In order to improve the intracellular soluble expression of pGH protein, E. coli chaperones GroEL–GroES, Pichia pastoris chaperones Ssa1–Sis1 and Bip–PDI were co-expressed respectively with pGH. Among the three molecular chaperones, the Pichia pastoris chaperone Ssa1–Sis1 resulted in the most significant increase in the yield of soluble pGH protein. Co-expression of molecular chaperones GroEL–GroES only slightly increased the expression level of soluble pGH protein. When the molecular chaperone Ssa1–Sis1 is co-expressed with pGH, the data showed that the total yield of pGH had not changed, while the intracellular solubility of pGH protein increased. When Bip–PDI was co-expressed with pGH, the insoluble pGH protein decreased, but the soluble pGH protein did not change, which was consistent with our previous findings [11]. It is reported that the processed proteins are selective in the process of GroEL–GroES assisting protein folding [50]. Kerner et al. used quantitative proteomics to analyze the entire E.coli proteome (about 2400 proteins), and found that there were about 250 proteins interacting with GroEL [51]. In those proteins, most of the proteins either used GroEL or used upstream molecules to achieve normal folding, and only about 85 proteins must rely on the GroEL–GroES system to fold normally, called a compulsive dependent substrate normally. In this study, pGH may not be a mandatory dependent substrate for the GroEL–GroES system, so the soluble expression is limited. The results of co-expression of Pichia pastoris chaperones and pGH indicated that the chaperone Ssa1–Sis1 could effectively promote protein correct folding and prevent aggregation. However, the chaperone Bip–PDI did not promote the correct folding of pGH protein, but could degrade the wrongly folded pGH.

To further increase the yield of pGH, the optimal temperature, pH and culture time for expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris were investigated by single factor experiments. Previous findings showed that low temperature induction resulted in more conducive to the expression of heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris [52, 53]. In our study, the expression of pGH protein in Pichia pastoris was highest at 20 °C, pH 6.0, for 48 h, which mirrored the finding that mRNA is more stable at the low temperature [54].

So far, cell wall breaking was mostly used to release intracellular substances [27, 55]. In order to extract lipid from Nannochloropsis sp, cell walls were completely broken by combination of commercial enzymes [56]. Furthermore, ultrasonication together with enzymes were used to extract intracellular proteins from Lactobacillus brevis 49 [57]. In most of related researches, the purpose of cell wall breaking was to extract intracellular substances. In this study, in order to achieve targeted release of pGH in intestine, we had partially broken the cell wall of Pichia pastoris. The experimental results show that partial wall breakage did achieve effective targeted release of pGH.

Animal experiments were used for final validation. The data illustrated that the technology of co-expression of molecular chaperone and partial wall-breaking could effectively promote the expression of biological activity of intracellular proteins. It is generally known that yeast is a high quality single-cell protein source, which is widely used in animal feeding, and also has better recombinant biological activity. Direct feeding of animals with pGH-rich yeast not only provide high quality protein for test animals, but also effectively protect the growth-promoting biological activity of pGH. By partially breaking the yeast wall, the cell wall is incomplete and easily broken in the animal’s intestinal tract, so that pGH can be released from the yeast cell in the intestinal tract in a targeted way, which suggest its possible application in pig industry. In this study, we had increased the intracellular soluble expression of pGH protein by optimizing codons and co-expression with molecular chaperones, and prolonged the half-life of pGH in vitro by partially breaking the wall. Besides, the targeted release of intracellular substances was achieved, and the degradation of pGH, a kind of substance that degrades easily in vitro, was effectively prevented in vitro, which is probably related to the further exertion of biological activity. Meanwhile, the subsequent tedious purification steps were avoided, which led to the reduction of cost.

Conclusion

In this work, we optimized the pGH gene and screened three different chaperones co-expression systems with pGH. We found that gene optimization could effectively increase the yield of total pGH, and Ssa1–Sis1 chaperone significantly increased the expression of soluble pGH among the three chaperones. Due to its easy degradation in vitro, pGH needed to be embedded in liposomes in the breeding industry, which led to high-cost. In order to reduce the cost, in this study pGH was protected by partial cell wall instead of liposome embedding. It had been shown that partial cell wall breakage could effectively prevent the degradation of pGH in vitro, and achieved the targeted release of pGH. In addition, we obtained the production of intracellular soluble pGH protein up to 70 mg/L, insoluble pGH 270 mg/L and total pGH 340 mg/L by flask fermentation culture (at 20 °C, pH 6.0, for 48 h). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study to increase the yield of pGH in Pichia pastoris and to promote its biological activity in vitro.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its additional files.

References

  1. Ran X, Li W, Lin H. Stimulatory effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine on growth hormone release and growth hormone mRNA expression in Epinephelus coioides. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2004;56(5):644–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of activation and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(9):515–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Li W, et al. The activation and differential signalling of the growth hormone receptor induced by pGH or anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies in primary rat hepatocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;376(1–2):51–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Moller N, Jorgensen JOL. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr Rev. 2009;30(2):152–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Parr T, et al. The impact of growth promoters on muscle growth and the potential consequences for meat quality. Meat Sci. 2016;120:93–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee M, et al. Bi-directional protein transport between the ER and Golgi. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2004;20:87–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McCaffrey K, Braakman I. Protein quality control at the endoplasmic reticulum. Essays Biochem. 2016;60(2):227–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Freilich R, et al. Protein–Protein interactions in the molecular chaperone network. Acc Chem Res. 2018;51(4):940–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Zininga T, Ramatsui L, Shonhai A. Heat shock proteins as immunomodulants. Molecules. 2018;23:284611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hesterkamp T, Bukau B. Role of the DnaK and HscA homologs of Hsp70 chaperones in protein folding in E. coli. EMBO J. 1998;17(16):4818–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Yang J, et al. Effect of cooperation of chaperones and gene dosage on the expression of porcine PGLYRP-1 in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;100(12):5453–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Buchner J, et al. GroE facilitates refolding of citrate synthase by suppressing aggregation. Biochemistry. 1991;30(6):1586–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tong Y, et al. Enhancement of soluble expression of codon-optimized Thermomicrobium roseum sarcosine oxidase in Escherichia coli via chaperone co-expression. J Biotechnol. 2016;218:75–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Malekian R, et al. Improvement of soluble expression of GM-CSF in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli using chemical and molecular chaperones. Protein Expr Purif. 2019;160:66–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hong TJ, Hahn JS. Application of SGT1-Hsp90 chaperone complex for soluble expression of NOD1 LRR domain in E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;478(4):1647–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hwang LH, et al. Use of helper-free retroviral vector to direct a high expression of porcine growth hormone in mouse fibroblast cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 1992;16(2):171–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Jo JM, et al. Method for the production of porcine growth hormone using a synthetic gene in yeast cells. 1996. p. 3677.

  18. Ouyang J, et al. Secretion expression of porcine growth hormone gene in insect cells. Acta Vet Zool Sin. 2002;33(5):482–5.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gellissen G. Heterologous protein production in methylotrophic yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000;54(6):741–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hopson SE, Thompson MJ. Heterologous expression of the human polybromo-1 protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif. 2018;152:23–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Renuse S, et al. Proteomic analysis and genome annotation of Pichia pastoris, a recombinant protein expression host. Proteomics. 2014;14(23–24):2769–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jariyachawalid K, et al. Effective enhancement of Pseudomonas stutzeri D-phenylglycine aminotransferase functional expression in Pichia pastoris by co-expressing Escherichia coli GroEL–GroES. Microb Cell Fact. 2012;11:47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Fu X, et al. Optimization strategy of Pichia pastoris expression system. China Biotechnol. 2015;35(10):86–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Li YM, et al. Effect of codon optimization on expression levels of human cystatin C in Pichia pastoris. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(3):4990–5000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tu Y, et al. Extracellular expression and antiviral activity of a bovine interferon-alpha through codon optimization in Pichia pastoris. Microbiol Res. 2016;191:12–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Etherton TD, et al. Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing factor. J Anim Sci. 1986;63(5):1389–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Liu C, et al. Study on the wall-breaking method of carotenoids producing yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus and the antioxidant effect of four carotenoids on SK-HEP-1 cells. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2019;49(8):767–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Grigoroudis AI, et al. Efficient soluble expression of active recombinant human cyclin A2 mediated by E. coli molecular chaperones. Protein Expr Purif. 2015;113:8–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. de Marco A, et al. Chaperone-based procedure to increase yields of soluble recombinant proteins produced in E. coli. BMC Biotechnol. 2007;7:32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen L, et al. Robust one-Tube-PCR strategy accelerates precise sequence modification of plasmids for functional genomics. Plant Cell Physiol. 2013;54(4):634–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Liang S, et al. Internal ribosome entry site mediates protein synthesis in yeast Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett. 2012;34(5):957–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New york: Cold spring harbor; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Shi J. Soluble expression of porcine growth hormone (pGH) in Pichia pastoris. Guangzhou: South China Agricultural University; 2015. p. 59.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Shen Q, et al. The effect of gene copy number and co-expression of chaperone on production of albumin fusion proteins in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;96(3):763–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65(1–2):55–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Commission CP. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, vol. IV. Beijing: China Medical Science Press; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Davis SS, Illum L, Hinchcliffe M. Gastrointestinal transit of dosage forms in the pig. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001;53(1):33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cheng Q, et al. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide promotes protective immunity in the enteric mucosa and suppresses enterotoxigenic E. coli in the weaning piglets. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10(10):1249–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yan X, et al. Coexpression of chaperonin GroEL/GroES markedly enhanced soluble and functional expression of recombinant human interferon-gamma in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;93(3):1065–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sun T, et al. cDNA recombinant of porcine growth hormone and expression in Escherchia coli. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 1990;22:111–20.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chen CM, et al. Growth enhancement of fowls by dietary administration of recombinant yeast cultures containing enriched growth hormone. Life Sci. 2000;67(17):2103–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Clare JJ, et al. High-level expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in Pichia pastoris strains containing multiple tandem integrations of the gene. Biotechnology. 1991;9(5):455–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Behura SK, Severson DW. Codon usage bias: causative factors, quantification methods and genome-wide patterns: with emphasis on insect genomes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2013;88(1):49–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Brandis G, Hughes D. The selective advantage of synonymous codon usage bias in Salmonella. PLoS Genet. 2016;12:e10059263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bai J, et al. A gene optimization strategy that enhances production of fully functional P-glycoprotein in Pichia pastoris. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e225778.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Duan H, et al. Codon optimization and expression of irisin in Pichia pastoris GS115. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;79:21–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Xiang L, et al. High-level expression of a ZEN-detoxifying gene by codon optimization and biobrick in Pichia pastoris. Microbiol Res. 2016;193:48–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lu Y, et al. High-level expression of improved thermo-stable alkaline xylanase variant in Pichia pastoris through codon optimization, multiple gene insertion and high-density fermentation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37869.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hong F, Meinander NQ, Jonsson LJ. Fermentation strategies for improved heterologous expression of laccase in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2002;79(4):438–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kerner MJ, et al. Proteome-wide analysis of chaperonin-dependent protein folding in Escherichia coli. Cell. 2005;122(2):209–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Minter RM, et al. Extended lung expression and increased tissue localization of viral IL-10 with adenoviral gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(1):277–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhong Y, et al. High-temperature cultivation of recombinant Pichia pastoris increases endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreases production of human interleukin-10. Microb Cell Fact. 2014;13:163.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhu T, et al. Combinatorial strategy of sorbitol feeding and low-temperature induction leads to high-level production of alkaline beta-mannanase in Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2011;49(4):407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Granados A, et al. Measuring influenza RNA quantity after prolonged storage or multiple freeze/thaw cycles. J Virol Methods. 2017;247:45–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Yang Y, et al. Effect of ultrasonic and ball-milling treatment on cell wall, nutrients, and antioxidant capacity of rose (Rosa rugosa) bee pollen, and identification of bioactive components. J Sci Food Agric. 2019;99(12):5350–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wu C, et al. Aqueous enzymatic process for cell wall degradation and lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresour Technol. 2017;223:312–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Xu J, et al. Optimization of protein extraction method and digestion condition of Lactobacillus brevis 49. J Chin Mass Spectrom Soc. 2019;40(04):325–34.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The study is supported by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2015A030312005), Lingnan Modern Agriculture Key Project (2020S00022), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030313625), and Guangzhou Science and Technology Project (201803020001, 201903010078).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jinbo Deng, Jiaoqing Li, Zhipeng Lu and Juqing Shi contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, Microbiological Staff Room, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China

    Jinbo Deng, Jiaoqing Li, Miaopeng Ma, Peijing Zhao, Feiping Ming, Zhipeng Lu, Juqing Shi, Qin Fan, Qianyi Liang, Junhao Jia, Jiayi Li, Shuxia Zhang & Linghua Zhang

  2. Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China

    Linghua Zhang

Authors
  1. Jinbo Deng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiaoqing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Miaopeng Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peijing Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Feiping Ming
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhipeng Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Juqing Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Qin Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Qianyi Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Junhao Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jiayi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Shuxia Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Linghua Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PZ, ZL and JS developed the search strategy. MM and FM assisted with the experiments. JD, JL, QF, QL, JJ, JL and SZ contributed to summarise and analysed the data. JL and JD contributed to editing and revising the manuscript. PZ, ZL, JS and LZ conceived the idea for the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linghua Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The protocol of the study was approved by the Institutional of Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of South China Agricultural University in China. All the animal experiments in this research were performed according to the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals of Guangdong province, China.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Additional file 1: Fig. S1.

Substitution omega PCR for pGAPK(H)A construction. Fig. S2. Insertion omega PCR for pGAPKA-Ssa1-GPR construction. Fig. S3. Insertion omega PCR for pGAPKA-PDI-GPR construction. Fig. S4. The plasmids used in this study. Fig. S5. Standard curve of BSA standard solution. Fig. S6. PCR splicing results. Fig. S7. PCR splicing results. Table S1. Primers for PCR reactions. Table S2. The plasmids used in this study.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Deng, J., Li, J., Ma, M. et al. Co-expressing GroEL–GroES, Ssa1–Sis1 and Bip–PDI chaperones for enhanced intracellular production and partial-wall breaking improved stability of porcine growth hormone. Microb Cell Fact 19, 35 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01304-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01304-5

Keywords

Microbial Cell Factories

ISSN: 1475-2859

Contact us