Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pharmaceutical perspective on bioactives from Alstonia scholaris: ethnomedicinal knowledge, phytochemistry, clinical status, patent space, and future directions

  • Published:
Phytochemistry Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br (Apocynaceae), a tropical tree native to Indian subcontinent, Australasia, and Malay Peninsula is well documented in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda to cure fever, pain, inflammation, cancer, respiratory, and skin disorders. Nearly 169 alkaloids have been reported along with iridoids, coumarins, flavonoids and steroids from this plant. The highlights of current review are demonstrated in six tables encompassing ethnomedicinal values, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, clinical significances, and patents associated with A. scholaris. The data analysis of these tables revealed the requirements to convert existed knowledge into finished products. For example, strictamine isolated from this plant has shown an equipotent antiviral activity to that of acyclovir. However, the discovery of such new potent antiviral indole alkaloids will require structure activity relationship studies with natural analogues of this scaffold. In conclusion, despite of over 100 patents and numerous pharmacological activities of A. scholaris, only one product has reached the market. The report stipulates the gap between the existing knowledge and the requisites for commercialization of A. scholaris derived products.

Graphic abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

5-HTP:

5-Hydroxy tryptophan

ACP:

Acid phosphates

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

CAs:

Chromosomal aberrations

CFDA:

China Food and Drug Administration

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CSIR:

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

DCM:

Dichloromethane

IPR:

Intellectual property rights

LOX:

Lipoxygenase

LRP:

Luciferase reporter phage

MEP:

Methyl erythritol 4-phosphate

MIAs:

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids

MMS:

Methyl methane sulfonate

NSCLC:

Non small cell lung carcinoma

RI:

Replication Index

SCE:

Sister chromatid exchange

SDL:

Step down latency

SGOT:

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

SGPT:

Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

TB:

Total bilirubin

TL:

Transfer latency

WCSP:

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

WIPO:

World Intellectual Property Organization

References

  • Abdillah S, Tambunan RM, Farida Y et al (2015) Phytochemical screening and antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in Indonesia. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 5(6):454–457

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abe F, Chen RF, Yamauchi T et al (1989) Alschomine and iscoalschomine, new alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Chem Pharm Bull 37:887–890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abe F, Yamauchi T, Shibuya H et al (1998) Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia villosain Sunbawa. Chem Pharm Bull 46:1235–1238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams GL, Carroll PJ, Smith AB III et al (2012) Access to the Akuammiline family of alkaloids: total synthesis of (+)-scholaricine. A J Am Chem Soc 135(1):519–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad FB, Holdsworth DK (2003) Medicinal plants of Sabah, East Malaysia—part I. Pharm Biol 41(5):340–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad Y, Fatima K, Occolowitz JL et al (1977) Structure and absolute configuration of strictamine and strictalamine from Rhazya stricta. Stereochemistry of the picralima alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 99(6):1943–1946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad Y, Fatima K, Le Quesne PW et al (1983) Further alkaloidal constituents of the leaves of Rhazya stricta. Phytochemistry 22(4):1017–1019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alex B, Stephen R (2016a) Composition exfoliante pour la peau. WO2016183634A1. 24 Nov 2016

  • Alex B, Stephen R (2016b) Skin cleansing composition. WO2016183633A1. 24 Nov 2016

  • Almeida JRGS, de Lima JT, de Oliveira HR et al (2011) Antinociceptive activity of discretamine isolated from Duguetia moricandiana. Nat Prod Res 25:1908–1915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1985) The Wealth of India. Publications and information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp 201–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2001) The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. Part-I, Volume-I. Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Department of Ayush, New Delhi, pp 97–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonty M, Shekhar MC, Thankamani V (2014) Antibacterial activity of plant extracts of Alstonia scholaris. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 5:285–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Antony M, James J, Misra CS et al (2012) Anti mycobacterial activity of the plant extracts of Alstonia scholaris. Int J Curr Pharm Res 4:40–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Anurakkun NJ, Bhandari MR, Kawabata J (2007) α-Glucosidase inhibitors from Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris). Food Chem 103:1319–1323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anusha I, Samba Naik A, Jagadish Naik M (2016) Anti hyperglycemic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris (L.) in induced diabetic rats. J Glob Biosci 5:4535–4540

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora A, Rai Y (2015) A review: phytochemistry, ethanobotanical and pharmacological activities of Alstonia scholaris R. Br (Apocynaceae). Int J Adv Res 3:584–590

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arulmozhi S, Mazumder PM, Sathiyanar L et al (2012) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of fractions from Alstonia scholaris. Pharmacologia 3:132–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atta-ur-Rahman, Alvi KA (1987) Indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 26:2139–2142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atta-ur-Rahman, Asif AM, Ghazala M et al (1985) Scholaricine, an alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 24:2771–2773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atta-ur-Rahman, Alvi KA, Muzaffar A (1986) Isolation and 1H/13C-NMR studies on 19,20-dihydrocondylocarpine: an alkaloid from the leaves of Ervatamia coronaria and Alstonia scholaris. Planta Med 52:325–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atta-ur-Rahman, Alvi KA, Abbas SA et al (1987) Isolation of 19, 20-Z-vallesamine and 19, 20-E-vallesamine from Alstonia scholaris. Heterocycles 26(2):413–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers S, Zink DL, Mohn K et al (2007) Anthelmintic activity of aporphine alkaloids from Cissampelos capensis. Planta Med 73(3):296–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayusawa M, Mohammad NH, Yamashita R et al (2008) External preparation for skin for ameliorating cytotoxicity of active oxygen species. JP2008184439A. 14 Aug 2008

  • Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S (2005) Traditional knowledge of kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol 102(2):246–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bairwa K, Jachak SM (2015a) Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipid-based formulation of a rotenoid-rich fraction prepared from Boerhavia diffusa. Pharm Biol 53:1231–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bairwa K, Jachak SM (2015b) Development and optimisation of 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 67:1188–1197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baliga MS (2012) Review of the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of Alstonia scholaris. Chin J Integr Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-011-0947-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baliga MS, Jagetia GC, Ulloor JN et al (2004) The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long-term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris) in mice and rats. Toxicol Lett 15:317–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandaru N, Ramu A, Vidyadhara S et al (2016) Evaluation of in vivo anti-diarrheal and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of Alsotinia scholaris leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 1:38–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandaru N, Ramu A, Vijetha P et al (2017) Evaluation of ex vivo anticataract activity of ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris leaves on dexamethasone-induced cataract by using isolated goat lens. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 10:8–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandawane D, Juvekar AR, Juvekar M (2011) Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn bark in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Ind J Pharm Educ Res 45:114–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerji A, Banerji J (1977) Isolation of pseudoakuammigine from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Indian J Chem Sect B Org Chem Incl Med Chem 15B(4):390–391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerji A, Siddhanta AK (1981) Scholarine: an indole alkaloid of Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 20:540–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerji J, Mustafi R, Roy DJ et al (1984) (−)-scholarine and (+)-lochneridine constituents of Alstonia-scholaris R. BR. (apocynaceae). Indian J Chem Sect B Org Chem Incl Med Chem 23(5):455

    Google Scholar 

  • Bello I, Bakkouri AS, Tabana YM et al (2016) Acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluation of the methanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris stem bark. Med Sci (Basel) 4:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Benayad S, Ahamada K, Lewin G et al (2016) Preakuammicine: a long-awaited missing link in the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids. Eur J Org Chem 8:1494–1499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard D, Mahe Y (2007) Administration of 8-hexadecene-1,16-dicarboxylic acid for promoting cohesion of the epidermal horny layer. US20070059269A1. 15 Mar 2007

  • Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekar KR, Kaveriappa KM (1995) Medical ethnobotany of the siddis of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. J Ethnopharmacol 47(3):149–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bharati KA, Sharma BL (2010) Some ethnoveterinary plant records for Sikkim Himalaya. Indian J Tradit Knowl 9(2):344–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhardwaj S, Gakhar SK (2005) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Mizoram to cure cuts & wounds. Indian J Tradit Knowl 4(1):75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhogayata K, Sharma PP, Patel BR (2009) A clinical evaluation of Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris L, R. Br.) on essential hypertension. Ayu 30:318–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianco A, de Luca A, Mazzei RA et al (1994) Iridoids of Rauwolfia grandiflora. Phytochemistry 35(6):1485–1487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas GK, Saharia GS (1978) A new alkaloidal glycoside from Alstonia scholaris. Indian J Chem 1(1):66–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonchuay W, Court WE (1976a) Alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris from Thailand. Planta Med 29:380–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boonchuay W, Court WE (1976b) Minor alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris root. Phytochemistry 15(5):821

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Bonjoch J, Amat M et al (1996) The strychnos alkaloids. In: Cordell GA (ed) The alkaloids: chemistry and pharmacology, vol 48. Academic Press, New York, pp 75–189

    Google Scholar 

  • British Pharmaceutical Codex (1949) Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, p 1441

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham J, Baggaley KH, Roberts AD, Szabo LF et al (2010) Dictionary of alkaloids with CD-ROM. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burkill HM (1985) The useful plants of west tropical Africa, vol 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai XH, Du ZZ, Luo XD (2007) Unique monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Org Lett 9:1817–1820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai XH, Liu YP, Feng T et al (2008a) Picrinine-type alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Chin J Nat Med 6:20–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai XH, Tan QG, Liu YP et al (2008b) A cage-monoterpene indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris. Org Lett 10(4):577–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai XH, Shang JH, Feng T et al (2010) Novel alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Z Naturforsch 65b:1164–1168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao J, Shen HM, Wang Q et al (2016) Characterization of chemical constituents and rats metabolites of an alkaloidal extract of Alstonia scholaris leaves by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1026:1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarti RN, Chakravarti D, Sur R (1968) A simplified method for isolation of echitamine. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 16(3):81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Channa S, Dar A, Ahmed S et al (2005) Evaluation of Alstonia scholaris leaves for broncho-vasodilatory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 97:469–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Ghosal S (1961) Echitamidine. Kurze Originalmitteilungen 48:328

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Mukherjee B, Ray AB et al (1965) The alkaloid of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Tetrahedron Lett 6:2–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Mukheqee B, Ghosal S et al (1969) Occurrence of rhazine in Alstonia scholaris R. Br.: biogenetic and chemotaxonomic significance of co-occurrence of several indole alkaloids having a common structural pattern. J Indian Chem Soc 46:635

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YY, Yang J, Yang XW, Yang XW et al (2016) Alstorisine A, a nor-monoterpenoid indole alkaloid from cecidogenous leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron Lett 57(16):1754–1757

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra RN, Chopra IC (1933) Indigenous drugs of India. Academic Publishers, Calcutta, pp 276–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary M, Rani S, Sharma P (2017) Anti-fertility and abortifacient potential of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Alstonia scholaris in female rats: an ethnomedicine used by Papua women in New Guinea. Bull Fac Pharm Cairo Univ 55:123–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Compiling Group of Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine (1977) Yunnan traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Yunnan People’s Press, Kunming

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa EV, Sampaio MFC, Salvador MJ et al (2015) Chemical constituents from the stem bark of Annona pickelii (Annonaceae). Quím 38:769–776

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford AD, Liekens S, Kamuhabwa AR et al (2011) Zebrafish bioassay-guided natural product discovery: isolation of angiogenesis inhibitors from East African medicinal plants. PLoS ONE 6:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva TMS, Da Silva BA, Mukherjee R (1999) The monoterpene alkaloid cantleyine from Strychnos trinervis root and its spasmolytic properties. Phytomedicine 6:169–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dash GK, Murthy PN (2011) The wound healing effects of a new polyherbal formulation. Der Pharm Lett 3:342–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta HM, Chandrakantbhai MA (2016) Foot care compositions. WO2016110872A1. 14 July 2016

  • De Luca V (2011) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis, plant metabolism and biotechnology, 1st edn. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 263–291. ISBN 978-0-470-74703-2

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Deepa S, Suseela PM, Krishnan C (2014) GC-MS analysis of ethanolic bark extract of Alstonia scholaris and evaluation of its pharmacological studies. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 28(51):284–287

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFilipps RA, Krupnick GA (2018) The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 102:1–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhar BDN, Suri SC, Dwivedi P (1977) Chemical examination of the flowers of Alstonia scholaris. Planta Med 31:6–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon C, Fyson GF, Pasiecznik N (2013) The CABI encyclopaedia of forest trees. Technology & engineering. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 67–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckermann R, Gaich T (2013) The akuammiline alkaloids; origin and synthesis. Synthesis 45(20):2813–2823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Askary HI, El-Olemy MM, Salama MM et al (2012) Bioguided isolation of pentacyclic triterpenes from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. growing in Egypt. Nat Prod Res 26(18):1755–1758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng T, Cai XH, Du ZZ et al (2008) Iridoids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris. Helv Chim Acta 91:2247–2251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng T, Cai X, Zhao P et al (2009) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris. Planta Med 75:1537–1541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng L, Chen Y, Yuan L et al (2013) A combination of alkaloids and triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. leaves enhances immunomodulatory activity in C57BL/6 mice and induces apoptosis in the A549 cell line. Molecules 18:13920–13939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Furtado JC, Niege A, Pirson L et al (2017) Pentacyclic triterpene bioavailability: an overview of in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules 22(3):400–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi M, Vinayak VK (1990) Preliminary evaluation of extracts of Alstonia scholaris bark for in vivo antimalarial activity in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 29:51–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcez WS, Garcez FR, da Silva LM et al (2009) Larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti of some plants native to the West-Central region of Brazil. Bioresour Technol 100(24):6647–6650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner S, Sidisunthorn P, Anusarnsunthorn V (2000) A field guide to forest trees of Northern Thailand. Kobfai Publishing Project, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • George L, Highland H (2016) Hydroalcoholic extract of Alstonia scholaris arrests invasion of Plasmodium falciparum by effective RBC membrane stabilization. J Adv Med Pharma Sci 9:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Godugu C, Patel AR, Doddapaneni R et al (2014) Approaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid. PLoS ONE 9(3):1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goh SH, Ali ARM, Wong WH (1989) Alkaloids of Leuconotis griffithii and L. Eugenifolia (Apocynaceae). Tetrahedron 45:7899–7920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodson JA, Henry TA, Macfie JWS (1930) The action of the cinchona and certain other alkaloids in bird malaria. Biochem J 24(4):874–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gosai KR (2017) A clinical trial to evaluate efficacy of Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris Linn.) twak churna in vicharchika (eczema). J Ayurvedic Integr Med Sci 2:54–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Goun E, Cunningham G, Chu D et al (2003) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Indonesian ethnomedical plants. Fitoterapia 74(6):592–596

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta U, Agrawal NK (2013) Prevention of radiation induced hematological alterations in mice by Alstonia scholaris extract. Int J Pharm Sci Res 4(4):1453–1459

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta BD, Siddons LB, Chakravarti H (1944) Quinine and Alstonia scholaris (Chhatim) in malaria: a study of possible synergy. Indian Med Gaz 79(9):408–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RS, Bhatnager AK, Joshi YC et al (2005) Induction of antifertility with lupeol acetate in male Albino rats. Pharmacology 75:57–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harsha VH, Shripathi V, Hegde GR (2005) Ethnoveterinary practices in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. Indian J Tradit Knowl 4(3):253–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa Y, Miyama S, Kawahara N et al (2009) Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Heterocycles 79(1):1107–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou Y, Cao X, Wang L et al (2012) Microfractionation bioactivity-based ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of nuclear factor-κB inhibitors and β2 adrenergic receptor agonists in an alkaloidal extract of the folk herb Alstonia scholaris. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 908:98–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu J, Mao X, Shi X, Jin N, Shi J et al (2018) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Chem Nat Compd 54(5):934–937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang RL, Chen CC, Huang YL et al (1998) Anti-tumor effects of d-dicentrine from the root of Lindera megaphylla. Planta Med 64(3):212–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hugel G, Royer D, Le Men-Olivier L et al (1997) Flow thermolysis rearrangements in the indole alkaloid series: strictamine and akuammicine derivatives. The absolute configurations of ngouniensine and epi-ngouniensine. J Org Chem 62(3):578–583

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hui T, Sun Y, Zhu L et al (2009) Flavonoids in leaves of Alstonia scholaris. China J Chin Mater Med 34(9):1111–1113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ideta T, Ifuku O, Kojima M et al (1998) Composition for head. JPH10316541A. 02 Dec 1998

  • Ingkaninan K, Ijzerman AP, Taesotikult T et al (1999) Isolation of opioid-active compounds from Tabernaemontana pachysiphon leaves. J Pharm Pharmacol 51(12):1441–1446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Intayoung P, Limtrakul P, Yodkeeree S et al (2016) Antiinflammatory activities of crebanine by inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 activation through suppressing MAPKs and Akt signaling in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biol Pharm Bull 39:54–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islam F, Miah SMA (2013) Essential oil composition from the flowers of Alstonia scholaris of Bangladesh. Int Food Res J 20:3185–3188

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagetia GC, Baliga MS (2003) Induction of developmental toxicity in mice treated with Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in Utero. Birth Defects Res Part B Dev Reprod Toxicol 478:472–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagetia GC, Baliga MS (2006) Evaluation of anticancer activity of the alkaloid fraction of Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in vitro and in vivo. Phytother Res 109:103–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jagetia GC, Baliga MS (2016) Preclinical evaluation of the anticancer activity of hydroalcoholic stem bark extract of Alstonia scholaris in ehrlich ascites carcinoma transplanted in the Swiss albino mice. J Altern Med Res 2:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jagetia GC, Baliga MS et al (2005) Evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of the monoterpene indole alkaloid echitamine in vitro and in tumour-bearing mice. J Pharm Pharmcol 57:1213–1219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain L, Pandey MB, Singh S et al (2009) A new indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris. Nat Prod Res 23:1599–1602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain L, Pandey MB, Singh S et al (2014) A new indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris. Nat Prod Res 23:37–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaipuriar MK (2007) Herbs of Tribal Land Jharkhand, India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, pp 24–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Jianhua L (2015) Cough relieving spray and preparation method thereof. CN104258333A. 07 Jan 2015

  • Jinhua L, Yufeng Y, Yuming T et al (2015) Alstonia scholaris propagation method with big tree trunks cut. CN103598060B. 07 Jan 2015

  • Joule JA (1983) Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds: Indoles- the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. In: Saxton JE (ed) The uleine—ellipticine-vallesamine group. Wiley, New York

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kam TS, Nyeoh KT, Sim KM et al (1997) Alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 45:1303–1305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamarajan P, Sekar N, Mathuram V et al (1991) Antitumor effect of echitamine chloride on methylcholonthrene induced fibrosarcoma in rats. Biochem Int 25(3):491–498

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanyanga RC, Lumpu SN, Ehata MT et al (2019) In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of extracts and isolated constituents of Alstonia congensis root bark. J Ethnopharmacol 242:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Keawpradub N, Kirby GC, Steele JC et al (1999) Antiplasmodial activity of extracts and alkaloids of three Alstonia species from Thailand. Planta Med 65(08):690–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khanum S (2014) Pharmacological investigation of the chloroform extracts of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. J Pharm Sci Innov 3(1):14–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khare CP (2007) Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 38–39

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Khyade MS, Vaikos NP (2014) Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of leaves of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Afr J Biotechnol 8:6434–6436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khyade MS, Kasote DM, Vaikos NP (2014) Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. Ex G. Don: a comparative review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 153:1–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1918) In: Sudhindra Nath Basu MB (ed) Indian medicinal plants, vol II. Indian Press, Allahabad, pp 786–790

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Konkimalla VB, Efferth T (2010) Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor over-expressing cancer cells by the aphorphine-type isoquinoline alkaloid, dicentrine. Biochem Pharmacol 79(8):1092–1099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan P, Lee FK, Chong KW et al (2018) Alstoscholactine and alstolaxepine, monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with γ-lactone-bridged cycloheptane and oxepane Moieties from Alstonia scholaris. Org Lett 20:8014–8018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan P, Mai CW, Yong KT et al (2019) Alstobrogaline, an unusual pentacyclic monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with aldimine and aldimine-N-oxide moieties from Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron Lett 60(11):789–791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehne ME, Xu F, Brook CS et al (1994) Syntheses of strychnos- and aspidospermatan-type alkaloids. 6. Total syntheses of (±)-echitamidine, (±)-alstogustine, (±)-19-epi-alstogustine, and (±)-akuammicine. J Org Chem 59(25):7803–7806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni MP, Juvekar AR (2008) Effect of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. on stress and cognition in mice. Indian J Exp Biol 47:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuok CF, Zhang J, Fan CL et al (2017) Meloslines A and B, two novel indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron Lett 58:2740–2742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyung J, Kim K, Kyung E et al (2009) Cosmetic composition containing natural medicinal plant extract for alleviating skin inflammation. KR20090085844A. 10 Aug 2009

  • Lavaud C, Massiot G, Vercauteren J et al (1982) Alkaloids of Hunteria zeylanica. Phytochemistry 21:445–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le PM, Srivastava V, Nguyen TT et al (2017) Stephanine from Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng showed effective antiplasmodial and anticancer activities, the latter by inducing apoptosis through the reverse of mitotic exit. Phytother Res 31:1357–1368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lecomte H (1907a) Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine, vol 3 (8–9). Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris

  • Lecomte H (1907b) Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine, vol 7 (1). Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris

  • Lee SJ, Cho SA, An S et al (2012) Alstonia scholaris R. Br. significantly inhibits retinoid-induced skin irritation in vitro and in vivo. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 1:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JY, Kim KJ, Kim J et al (2016) Anti-osteoclastogenic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the rhizome extract of Sinomenium acutum. Arch Pharm Res 39(5):713–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Zi MJ, Gou ZP et al (2019) Pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation in healthy Chinese volunteers of alkaloids from leaf of Alstonia scholaris: a multiple doses phase I clinical trial. Phytomedicine 61:152828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim SH, Low YY, Sinniah SK et al (2014) Macroline, akuammiline, sarpagine, and ajmaline alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla. Phytochemistry 98:204–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JL, Sim KS, Yong KT et al (2015) Biologically active vallesamine, strychnan, and rhazinilam alkaloids from Alstonia: pneumatophorine, a nor-secovallesamine with unusual incorporation of a 3-ethylpyridine moiety. Phytochemistry 117:317–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin HF, Huang HL, Liao JF et al (2015) Dicentrine analogue-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis through inhibition of topoisomerase II activity in human cancer cells. Planta Med 81(10):830–837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Chen YY, Qin XJ et al (2015) Antibacterial monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris cultivated in temperate zone. Fitoterapia 105:160–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lounasmaa M, Jokela R, Hanhinen P et al (1995) The rhazimanine bhimberine enigma. J Nat Prod 58:131–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macabeo AP, Krohn K, Gehle D et al (2005) Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Philippine Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 66:1158–1162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maiden JH (1889) The useful native plants of Australia: (including Tasmania). Turner and Henderson. Library of New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, p 154

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Makarasen A, Sirithana W, Mogkhuntod S et al (2011) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of aporphine alkaloids isolated from Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng. Planta Med 77:1519–1524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maltese F, van der Kooy F, Verpoorte R (2009) Solvent derived artifacts in natural products chemistry. Nat Prod Commun 4(3):447–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marini-Bettolo GB, Nicoletti M, Messana I (1983) Research on African medicinal plants—IV: Boonein, A new C-9 terpenoid lactone from Alstonia boonei: a possible precursor in the indole alkaloid biogenesis. Tetrahedron 39(2):323–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurya A, Dwivedi GR, Darokar MP, Srivastava SK (2014) Preparative isolation of bioenhancer loganetin from by fast centrifugal partition chromatography. Sep Sci Technol 49(5):773–777

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mistry D, Pithawala M (2018) Protective effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br. against bleomycin induced chromosomal damage in cultured human lymphocytes, in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 1:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollik MAH, Hossan MS, Paul AK et al (2010) A comparative analysis of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers in three districts of Bangladesh and inquiry as to mode of selection of medicinal plants. Ethnobot Res Appl 8:195–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morita Y, Hesse M, Schmid H et al (1977) Alstoniu scholaris: Struktur des Indoal kaloides Narelin. Helv Chim Acta 60:1419–1434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita H, Ichihara Y, Takeya K et al (1989) A new indole alkaloid glycoside from the leaves of Palicourea marcgravii. Planta Med 55:288–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukerji B, Ghosh BK, Siddons LB (1942) Search for an antimalarial drug in the indigenous materia medica: part I—Alstonia scholaris, F. Br. Indian Med Gaz 77(12):723–725

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee R, Rajesh MN (2009) Locality, history, memory: the making of the citizen in South Asia. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge, p 232

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadkarni AK (1976) Indian materia medica, 3rd edn. Popular Press Ltd, Mumbai, pp 80–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama T, Sakamoto O, Suzuki Y et al (1997) Skin preparation for external use. JPH0987164A. 31 Mar 1997

  • Opitz S, Nes WD, Gershenzon J et al (2014) Both methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways contribute to biosynthesis of each of the major isoprenoid classes in young cotton seedlings. Phytochemistry 98:110–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Q, Mustafa NR, Tang K et al (2015) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids biosynthesis and its regulation in Catharanthus roseus: a literature review from genes to metabolites. Phytochem Rev 15(2):221–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Z, Qin XJ, Liu YP et al (2016) Alstoscholarisines H-J, indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris: structural evaluation and bioinspired synthesis of alstoscholarisine H. Org Lett 18:654–657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pauli GF, Case RJ, Inui T et al (2005) New perspectives on natural products in TB drug research. Life Sci 78:485–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson JD, Bisset NG (1972) Quaternisation and oxidation of strychnine and brucine during plant extraction. Phytochemistry 11(8):2547–2553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratap B, Chakraborthy GS, Mogha N (2013) Complete aspects of Alstonia scholaris. Int J Pharm Tech Res 5(1):17–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Prusti AB, Behera KK (2007) Ethnobotanical exploration of Malkangiri district of Orissa, India. Ethnobot Leafl 11:122–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha J, Dutta M, Nath SC (2007) Ethnomedicinal plants from Dibru-Saikhowa biosphere reserve, Assam. Indian J Tradit Knowl 6(3):477–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Pushpangadan P, Rawat AK, Rao CV et al (2010) United States Patent, synergistic antipyretic formulation. US 7,658,954 B2. 09 Feb 2010

  • Qin XJ, Zhao YL, Lunga PK (2015a) Indole alkaloids with antibacterial activity from aqueous fraction of Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron 71:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin XJ, Zhao YL, Song CW et al (2015b) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from inadequately dried leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Nat Prod Bioprospect 5:185–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Quisumbing EA (1951) Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Philippine Islands Technical Bulletin. Katha Publishing Company, Quezon City, p 721

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragasa CY, Batarra TC, Tan MS et al (2016) Chemical constituents of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Pharma Chem 8:193–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmatullah M, Mollik MAH, Azam AA et al (2009) Ethnobotanical survey of the Santal tribe residing in Thakurgaon district, Bangladesh. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 3(4):889–899

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmatullah M, Azam NK, Khatun Z et al (2012) Medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes by the Marakh sect of the Garo tribe living in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 9(3):380–385

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raimo U, Mauri L (1981) 13 C NMR data of 3-isoajmalicine and 19-epiajmalicine. Planta Med 41:406–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajakumar N, Shivanna MB (2010) Traditional herbal medicinal knowledge in Sagar taluk of Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 1(1):102–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandra YL, Sudeep HV, Rai PS et al (2012) Evaluation of wound healing activity of leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:390–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez A, García-Rubio S (2003) Current progress in the chemistry and pharmacology of akuammiline alkaloids. Curr Med Chem 10(18):1891–1915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi RC, Kapil RS (1970) Picralinal—a key alkaloid of picralima group from Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Experientia 26:1056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reina M, Ruiz-Mesia L, Ruiz-Mesia W et al (2014) Antiparasitic indole alkaloids from Aspidosperma desmanthum and A. spruceanum from the Peruvian Amazonia. Nat Prod Commun 9:1075–1080

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reisman SE (2011) New lead for pain treatment. Nature 473(7348):458–459

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosales PF, Gower A, Benitez MLR et al (2019) Extraction, isolation and in vitro evaluation of affinisine from Tabernaemontana catharinensis in human melanoma cells. Bioorg Chem 90:3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Saikia B (2006) Ethnomedicinal plants from Gohpur of Sonitpur district, Assam. Indian J Tradit Knowl 5(4):529–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Salim V, De Luca V (2013) Towards complete elucidation of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway: Catharanthus roseus as a pioneer system. Adv Bot Res 68:1–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salim AA, Garson MJ, Craik DJ (2004) New indole alkaloids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris. J Nat Prod 3:1591–1594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraswathi V, Ramamoorthy N, Subramaniam S et al (1998) Inhibition of glycolysis and respiration of sarcoma-180 cells by echitamine chloride. Chemotherapy 44:198–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satoshi A, Arinori O (2004) IV type and VII type collagen production promoter and composition for caring skin basement membrane. JP2004018471A. 21 Jan 2004

  • Satoshi KHA, Aoyama SY, Koga SY et al (2003) Skin vitalizing composition for external use anti-aging preparation. EP1281396A2. 05 Feb 2003

  • Satoshi A, Toshio N, Keiko T (2004) Substances capable of potentiating laminin 5 productivity in epidermal cells and utilization thereof. EP1426030A1. 09 June 2004

  • Saxton JE (1970) Alkaloids of Alstonia species. Alkaloids Chem Physiol 12:207–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnoes HK, Biemann K, Mokry J, Kompis I, Chatterjee A, Ganguli G (1966) Strictamine. J Organ Chem 31(5):1641–1642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sen S, Chakraborty R, De B et al (2011) An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by ethnic people in West and South district of Tripura, India. J Forest Res 22(3):417–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shang JH, Cai XH, Feng T et al (2010a) Pharmacological evaluation of Alstonia scholaris: anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. J Ethnopharmacol 129:174–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shang JH, Cai XH, Zhao YL et al (2010b) Pharmacological evaluation of Alstonia scholaris: anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic and expectorant activities. J Ethnopharmacol 129:293–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar R, Rawat MS, Deb S et al (2012) Jaundice and its traditional cure in Arunachal Pradesh. J Pharm Sci Innov 1(3):93–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma H, Kumar A (2011) Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants of Rajasthan (India): a review. J Med Plants Res 5(7):1107–1112

    Google Scholar 

  • Shittu H, Gray A, Furman B et al (2010) Glucose uptake stimulatory effect of akuammicine from Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae). Phytochem Lett 3:53–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva DF, Porto DL, Araújo IGA et al (2009) Endothelium-derived nitric oxide is involved in the hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects induced by discretamine in rats. Die Pharmazie Int J Pharm Sci 64:327–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh V, Jain AP (2003) Ethnobotany and medicinal plants of India and Nepal. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, p 138

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh MP, Panda H (2005) Medicinal herbs with their formulations. Daya Books, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Sangwan P (2011) Taxonomy, ethnobotany and antimicrobial activity of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br, Carissa carandas L. and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Int J Biotechnol Biosci 1(1):102–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VK, Govil JN, Hashmi S et al (2003) Recent progress in medicinal plants. Ethnomedicine and pharmacognosy II, vol 7. Studium Press, Texas, p 47

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MW, Snyder SA (2013) A concise total synthesis of (+)-scholarisine A empowered by a unique C–H arylation. J Am Chem Soc 135(35):12964–12967

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soares PR, de Oliveira PL, de Oliveira CM et al (2012) In vitro antiproliferative effects of the indole alkaloid vallesiachotamine on human melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 35(3):565–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sood SK, Thakur R (2015) Herbal resources of India and Nepal, vol 43. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, p 27

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen R, Alex B (2016) Skin moisturizing composition. WO2016183630A1. 24 Nov 2016

  • Stockigt J, Hofle G, Pfitzner A et al (1980) Mechanism of the biosynthetic conversion of geissoschizine to 19-epi-ajmalicine in Catharanthus roseus. Tetrahedron Lett 21(20):1925–1926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockigt J, Antonchick AP, Wu F et al (2011) The Pictet–Spengler reaction in nature and in organic chemistry. Angew Chem 50(37):8538–8564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stowell CH, Stowell LR (1982) Microscopical diagnosis. Antic Hay Rare Books, Asbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Su MJ, Nieh YC, Huang HW et al (1994) Dicentrine, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist with sodium and potassium channel blocking activities. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 349(1):42–49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana N, Saleem M (2010) Phytochemical studies on Alstonia scholaris. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 65(2):203–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana N, Akhter M, Saify ZS et al (2013a) Isolation and structure determination of nematicidal iridoid sweroside from Alstonia scholaris. J Entamol Nematol 5:19–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana N, Saify ZS, Saleem M et al (2013b) Two new triterpenes from Alstonia scholaris flowers. Nat Prod Res 27:37–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsis EC, Carqueijeiro I, de Bernonville TD et al (2017) A three enzyme system to generate the Strychnos alkaloid scaffold from a central biosynthetic intermediate. Nat Commun 8(1):316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teng CM, Yu SM, Ko FN et al (1991) Dicentrine, a natural vascular al-adrenoceptor antagonist, isolated from Lindera megaphylla. Br J Pharmacol 104:651–656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teotia UVS, Mishra AK, Kumar R et al (2014) Antiasthmatic potential of some medicinal plants. Asian Pac J Heal Sci 1(3):155–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PS, Kanaujia A, Ghosh D et al (2008) Alstonoside, a secoiridoid glucoside from Alstonia scholaris. Ind J Chem Sect B 47:1298–1302

    Google Scholar 

  • Topcu G, Che CT, Cordell GA et al (1990) Iridolactones from Alyxia reinwardti. Phytochemistry 29(10):3197–3199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin MZ, Hassan MA, Sultana M (2006) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Phulbari Upazila of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. Bangl J Plant Taxon 13(1):63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vedavathy S, Sudhakar A, Mrdula V (1997) Tribal medicinal plants of Chittoor. Anc Sci Life 16(4):307–331

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vikneshwaran D, Viji M, Lakshmi KR (2008) A survey of the ethnomedicinal flora of the Sirumalai Hills, Dindugul District, India. Ethnobot Leafl 12:948–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Ren FC, Liu JK (2009) Alstonic acids A and B, unusual 2,3-secofernane triterpenoids from Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 70:650–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CM, Chen HT, Wu ZY et al (2016a) Antibacterial and synergistic activity of pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from Alstonia scholaris. Molecules 21(2):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CM, Jhan YL, Tsai SJ et al (2016b) The pleiotropic antibacterial mechanisms of ursolic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Molecules 21(7):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CM, Yeh KL, Tsai SJ et al (2017) Anti-proliferative activity of triterpenoids and sterols isolated from Alstonia scholaris against non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Molecules 22:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Dai Z, Yang XW et al (2018) Novel nor-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids inhibiting glioma stem cells from fruits of Alstonia scholaris. Phytomedicine 48:170–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman P, Zhong S (1982) Vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine from the seeds of Strychnos tricalysioides. Planta Medica 45(05):28–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK (1993) Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species, vol 1. Orient Blackswan, Hyderabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei C, Huili T (2004) Dripping pills of folium Alstoniae scholaris and its preparation process. CN1989987A. 04 July 2004

  • Wei X, Dai Z, Yang J et al (2018) Unprecedented sugar bridged bisindoles selective inhibiting glioma stem cells. Bioorg Med Chem 26:1776–1783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WIPO (2017) World Intelluctual Property. https://www.wipo.int/portal/en/index.html

  • Wongseripipatana S, Chaisri L, Sritularak B et al (2004) Indole alkaloids from the fruits of Alstonia scholaris. Thai J Pharm Sci 28:173–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright CW, Allen D, Cai Y et al (1992) In vitro antiamoebic and antiplasmodial activities of alkaloids isolated from Alstonia angustifolia roots. Phytother Res 6(3):121–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright CW, Allen D, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Massiot G, Le Men-Olivier L et al (1993) Alstonia species: are they effective in malaria treatment? J Ethnopharmacol 40(1):41–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiaodong L, Jianhua S, Xiaojiang H et al (2011) Medicine for treating diseases concerned with respiratory and preparation method and application thereof. CN101084951B. 16 Mar 2011

  • Xiaodong L, Yunli Z, Jianhua S et al (2017) Pharmaceutical composition for treating respiratory diseases. WO2017080485A1. 18 May 2017

  • Xu Y, Feng T, Cai XH et al (2009) A new C13-norisoprenoid from leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Chin J Nat Med 7:21–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Abe F, Chen RF et al (1990a) Alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris in Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. Phytochemistry 29:3547–3552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Abe F, Padolina WG et al (1990b) Alkaloids from leaves and bark of Alstonia scholaris in the Philippines. Phytochemistry 29:3321–3325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang XW, Yang CP, Jiang LP et al (2014) Indole alkaloids with new skeleton activating neural stem cells. Org Lett 16:5808–5811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang XW, Luo XD, Lunga PK et al (2015) Scholarisines H-O, novel indole alkaloid derivatives from long-term stored Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron 71:3694–3698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Yang C, Li C et al (2016a) Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull 61:3–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Sun L, Liang C et al (2016b) Simultaneous quantitation of the diastereoisomers of scholarisine and 19-epi-scholarisine, vallesamine, and picrinine in rat plasma by supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 1:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Fu J, Liu X et al (2018) Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris and their NF-κB inhibitory activity. Fitoterapia 124:73–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yodkeeree S, Pompimon W, Limtrakul P (2014) Crebanine, an aporphine alkaloid, sensitizes TNF-α-induced apoptosis and suppressed invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 by blocking NF-κB-regulated gene products. Tumor Biol 35:8615–8624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yodkeeree S, Ooppachai C, Pompimon W et al (2018) O-Methylbulbocapnine and dicentrine suppress LPS-induced inflammatory response by blocking NF-κB and AP-1 activation through inhibiting MAPKs and Akt signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages. Biol Pharm Bull 41(8):1219–1227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu HF, Huang WY, Ding CF et al (2018) Cage-like monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with antimicrobial activity from Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron Lett 59(31):2975–2978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf M, Wahab MA, Chowdhury JU et al (2006) Ethno-medico-botanical knowledge from Kaukhali proper and Betbunia of Rangamati District. Bangl J Plant Taxon 13(1):55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Zhang CJ, Zhang DB et al (2014) An unusual indole alkaloid with anti-adenovirus and anti-HSV activities from Alstonia scholaris. Tetrahedron Lett 55:1815–1817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao YL, Yang ZF, Shang JH et al (2018) Effects of indole alkaloids from leaf of Alstonia scholaris on post-infectious cough in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 218:69–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, He HP, Luo XD et al (2005) Three new indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris. Helv Chim Acta 88:2508–2512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu WM, He HP, Fan LM et al (2005) Components of stem barks of Winchia calophylla A. DC. and their bronchodilator activities. J Integr Plant Biol 47:892–896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu GY, Yao XJ, Liu L et al (2014a) Alistonitrine A, a caged monoterpene indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris. Org Lett 16(4):1080–1083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, Zeng X, Sun C et al (2014b) Biosynthetic pathway of terpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Front Med 8(3):285–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu XX, Fan YY, Xu L et al (2019) Alstonlarsines A–D, four rearranged indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. Org Lett 21(5):1471–1474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India and the Director, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad for providing the required facilities and support.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Komal Pandey, Chaitrali Shevkar, Khemraj Bairwa, and Abhijeet S. Kate have contributed equally to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India

    Komal Pandey, Chaitrali Shevkar, Khemraj Bairwa & Abhijeet S. Kate

Authors
  1. Komal Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chaitrali Shevkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Khemraj Bairwa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Abhijeet S. Kate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abhijeet S. Kate.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pandey, K., Shevkar, C., Bairwa, K. et al. Pharmaceutical perspective on bioactives from Alstonia scholaris: ethnomedicinal knowledge, phytochemistry, clinical status, patent space, and future directions. Phytochem Rev 19, 191–233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09662-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09662-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation