Abstract
Traditional Global Navigation Satellite System-Acoustic (GNSS-A) positioning assumes the Layered Model in the sound speed structure, and any of horizontal perturbation of seawater degrades its accuracy. However, the use of the Gradient Model analytically demonstrated that the horizontal gradient of the sound speed structure and displacement can simultaneously be solved using multiple transponders for each of ping. We applied this technique to our observed data and found it unsuitable for real data. We confirmed that a horizontal perturbation with wavelength shorter than the horizontal extent of the transponder array significantly violates the linear approximation in the Gradient Model. Our vertical 2D numerical simulation of internal waves (IWs) forced by tidal oscillation showed that such small-scale IWs could effectively be generated by nonlinear cascade from large-scale IWs of the major tidal constituents. In addition, a small-scale IW in deep water typically has a period of 3–4 h, which degrades positioning accuracy significantly, whereas an IW of much shorter period in shallow water has less effect after removal of the fluctuation by time averaging within a typical observation period. Apparent array position obtained in the synthetic test based on the simulated IW-derived sound speed structure showed features quite similar to that observed in real surveys. To incorporate such deeper perturbation, we proposed a Disturbance Model using dual sea surface platforms, that can solve time-varying perturbation in the vicinity of each transponder.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) under the SIP Program “Enhancement of Societal Resiliency against Natural Disasters” in 2014–2016 fiscal years and by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) through KAKENHI Grant Number 17K18799 in 2017–2018 and 15H04228 in 2015–2018, and activity of the Core Research Cluster of Disaster Science in Tohoku University (a Designated National University) since 2018. The suggestions by two anonymous reviewers significantly made the manuscript improved. Figures were drawn using the Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel and Smith 1998). The original data of sound speed field and synthetic traveltimes produced in this study as well as that of observations are available upon request to the corresponding author.
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R. Matsui is now moved to a private company. Y. Niwa is now at Center for Ocean Literacy and Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo.
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Matsui, R., Kido, M., Niwa, Y. et al. Effects of disturbance of seawater excited by internal wave on GNSS-acoustic positioning. Mar Geophys Res 40, 541–555 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-019-09394-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-019-09394-6