Abstract
Since Jinci spring ceased to flow on April 30, 1994, it has never been reflowed, which seriously affects the sustainable utilization of karst groundwater. The purpose of this paper is to provide the basis for the reflow of Jinci spring and the sustainable protection for karst groundwater. Based on the long-term monitoring data from 1994 to 2014, this paper accurately quantifies the changes in the quantity and hydrochemistry of karst groundwater resources. By means of the Mann–Kendall trend test method, this paper analyzes the variation trends of karst groundwater level, EC, and SO42− in Jinci spring catchment. Monitoring data show that the groundwater level in the karst aquifer declined by 2.32 m from 1994 to 2008, which is equivalent to a loss of 3.3 Mm3 in aquifer storage, while the groundwater level rose by 17.67 m from 2009 to 2014, which constitutes a gain of 25.2 Mm3. The results indicate that (1) karst groundwater level showed a rising trend, which was mainly controlled by the rainfall, exploitation of karst groundwater, and the Fenhe River leakage; (2) groundwater salinity varied greatly and showed an increasing trend: increasing order of 47.83% for the six major ions, 37.52% for EC, and 3.34% for pH; (3) the increase of groundwater salinity is governed by the increase in rainfall salinity, the increase in groundwater runoff time, the recharge of the Fenhe River to groundwater, the increase of sewage in spring catchment, and the ease of solubility of carbonate rocks. The results of this study are of great significance for predicting the groundwater level and salinity of karst aquifer and ensuring the safety of drinking water in Jinci spring catchment.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41572221, 41807195, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province 201801D221049. The data were kindly provided by the Water Authority Departments of Shanxi region, who are greatly thanked and acknowledged. The authors gratefully appreciate all the valuable comments and suggestions from the anonymous reviewers and editors, which helped to improve the quality of the manuscript greatly.
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Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Xu, Y. et al. Quantitative Study on the Changes of Karst Groundwater Level and Hydrochemistry in Jinci Spring Catchment, Shanxi, China. Expo Health 12, 513–525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00317-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00317-9