Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Low Carbon Desalination by Innovative Membrane Materials and Processes

  • Water Pollution (L Nghiem, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Pollution Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Seawater and brackish water desalination has been a practical approach to mitigating the global fresh water scarcity. Current large-scale desalination installations worldwide can complementarily augment the global fresh water supplies, and their capacities are steadily increasing year-on-year. Despite substantial technological advance, desalination processes are deemed energy-intensive and considerable sources of CO2 emission, leading to the urgent need for innovative low carbon desalination platforms. This paper provides a comprehensive review on innovations in membrane processes and membrane materials for low carbon desalination. In this paper, working principles, intrinsic attributes, technical challenges, and recent advances in membrane materials of the membrane-based desalination processes, exclusively including commercialised reverse osmosis (RO) and emerging forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD), electrodialysis (ED), and capacitive deionisation (CDI), are thoroughly analysed to shed light on the prospect of low carbon desalination.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Elimelech M, Phillip WA. The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment. Science. 2011;333:712–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. • International Desalination Association, Desalination by the numbers, 2015, [Online] Available: http://idadesal.org/desalination-101/desalination-by-the-numbers/. This article provides the facts about the global desalination capacity and water demand.

  3. • Gude VG. Desalination and sustainability – An appraisal and current perspective. Water Res. 2016;89:87–106 This paper provides the information about the growth of the globlal desalination capacity.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. •• Fane AG. A grand challenge for membrane desalination: More water, less carbon. Desalination. 2018;426:155–63 This paper stresses the need for low carbon desalination processes and strategies toward low carbon desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. • Shemer H, Semiat R. Sustainable RO desalination – Energy demand and environmental impact. Desalination. 2017;424:10–6 This paper discusses the energy demand and envrionmental impact of RO and highlights the need for low carbon desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Al-Karaghouli A, Kazmerski LL. Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. Renew Sust Energy Rev. 2013;24:343–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. • Liu J, Chen S, Wang H, Chen X. Calculation of Carbon Footprints for Water Diversion and Desalination Projects. Energy Procedia. 2015;75:2483–94 This study provides the fact about carbon footprint of seawater desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. • Figueres C, Schellnhuber HJ, Whiteman G, Rockström J, Hobley A, Rahmstorf S. Three years to safeguard our climate. Nature. 2017;546:593–5 This article discusses the roles of low carbon desalination in meeting the global CO 2 emission target set in the Paris Agreement in 2015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pearce GK. UF/MF pre-treatment to RO in seawater and wastewater reuse applications: a comparison of energy costs. Desalination. 2008;222:66–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cohen-Tanugi D, McGovern RK, Dave SH, Lienhard JH, Grossman JC. Quantifying the potential of ultra-permeable membranes for water desalination. Energy Environ Sci. 2014;7:1134–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. •• Li X, Chou S, Wang R, Shi L, Fang W, Chaitra G, et al. Nature gives the best solution for desalination: Aquaporin-based hollow fiber composite membrane with superior performance. J Membr Sci. 2015;494:68–77 This paper explains the mechanism that help aquaporin-based hollow fiber membrane to achieve super water flux compared to normal composite RO membrane.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Goh PS, Ismail AF, Ng BC. Carbon nanotubes for desalination: Performance evaluation and current hurdles. Desalination. 2013;308:2–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen-Tanugi D, Grossman JC. Water Desalination across Nanoporous Graphene. Nano Lett. 2012;12:3602–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhu A, Christofides PD, Cohen Y. Effect of Thermodynamic Restriction on Energy Cost Optimization of RO Membrane Water Desalination. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009;48:6010–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. •• Lin S, Elimelech M. Staged reverse osmosis operation: Configurations, energy efficiency, and application potential. Desalination. 2015;366:9–14 This paper provides analysis and calculation of thermodynamic energy consumption of the seawater RO process.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. •• Warsinger DM, Tow EW, Nayar KG, Maswadeh LA, Lienhard VJH. Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination. Water Res. 2016;106:272–82 This study demonstrates the mechanism of energy consumption reduction in semi-batch RO desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Efraty A, Barak RN, Gal Z. Closed circuit desalination - A new low energy high recovery technology without energy recovery. Desalin Water Treat. 2011;31:95–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Missimer TM, Ghaffour N, Dehwah AHA, Rachman R, Maliva RG, Amy G. Subsurface intakes for seawater reverse osmosis facilities: Capacity limitation, water quality improvement, and economics. Desalination. 2013;322:37–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. •• Wu B, Suwarno SR, Tan HS, Kim LH, Hochstrasser F, Chong TH, et al. Gravity-driven microfiltration pretreatment for reverse osmosis (RO) seawater desalination: Microbial community characterization and RO performance. Desalination. 2017;418:1–8 This paper demonstrates the influence of gravity driven membrane filtration pretreatment on membrane fouling in seawater RO desalination process.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. •• Wu B, Hochstrasser F, Akhondi E, Ambauen N, Tschirren L, Burkhardt M, et al. Optimization of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration process for seawater pretreatment. Water Res. 2016;93:133–40 This paper optimises the gravity driven membrane filtration for pretreatment in the seawater RO desalination process with respects to membrane fouling prevention.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. •• Akhondi E, Wu B, Sun S, Marxer B, Lim W, Gu J, et al. Gravity-driven membrane filtration as pretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis: Linking biofouling layer morphology with flux stabilization. Water Res. 2015;70:158–73 This study explores the connection between membrane biofouling layer morphology and flux stablization in gravity driven membrane filtration as a pretreatment method before seawater RO desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. • Zarzo D, Prats D. Desalination and energy consumption. What can we expect in the near future? Desalination. 2018;427:1–9 This review paper provides the prospects of desalination technologies with a particular focus on energy consumption.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. • Voutchkov N. Energy use for membrane seawater desalination – current status and trends. Desalination. 2018;431:2–14 This paper provides a comprehensive review about the current status and trend in energy use in desalination processes.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Subramani A, Badruzzaman M, Oppenheimer J, Jacangelo JG. Energy minimization strategies and renewable energy utilization for desalination: A review. Water Res. 2011;45:1907–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. • Mcginnis R, Mandell A. Utility scale osmotic grid storage, O.W. Inc., Editor. 2011.

  26. • Shaffer DL, Werber JR, Jaramillo H, Lin S, Elimelech M. Forward osmosis: Where are we now? Desalination. 2015;356:271–84 This paper provides facts about the status of forward osmosis for desalination application.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. • Zou S, Yuan H, Childress A, He Z. Energy Consumption by Recirculation: A Missing Parameter When Evaluating Forward Osmosis. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50:6827–9 This paper highlights the fact that FO is not an energy saving alternative to RO for seawater desalination if another process is needed for draw solution regeneration.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. • Phuntsho S, Kim JE, Hong S, Ghaffour N, Leiknes T, Choi JY, et al. A closed-loop forward osmosis-nanofiltration hybrid system: Understanding process implications through full-scale simulation. Desalination. 2017;421:169–78 This paper explores the application of a closed-loop FO – nanofiltration process for energy consumption reduction.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Butler E, Silva A, Horton K, Rom Z, Chwatko M, Havasov A, et al. Point of use water treatment with forward osmosis for emergency relief. Desalination. 2013;312:23–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. • Wang Y-N, Goh K, Li X, Setiawan L, Wang R. Membranes and processes for forward osmosis-based desalination: Recent advances and future prospects. Desalination. 2018;434:81–99 This paper provides a comprehensive review on desalination processes based on FO and potentials for energy reduction.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. • Kim JE, Phuntsho S, Chekli L, Hong S, Ghaffour N, Leiknes T, et al. Environmental and economic impacts of fertilizer drawn forward osmosis and nanofiltration hybrid system. Desalination. 2017;416:76–85 This paper investigates the environmental and economic impacts of fertilizer drawn forward omosis combined with nanofiltration for low energy consumption desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. • Kim S-b, Paudel S, Seo GT. Forward osmosis membrane filtration for microalgae harvesting cultivated in sewage effluent. Environ Eng Res. 2015;20:99–104 This study explores an novel FO application in which algea is dewatered using seawater or RO brine, thus removing the need for regeneration of draw solution in FO process.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Valladares Linares R, Li Z, Sarp S, Bucs SS, Amy G, Vrouwenvelder JS. Forward osmosis niches in seawater desalination and wastewater reuse. Water Res. 2014;66:122–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. • Wan CF, Chung T-S. Techno-economic evaluation of various RO+PRO and RO+FO integrated processes. Appl Energy. 2018;212:1038–50 This paper evaluates the technical feasibility of integrated RO-PRO and RO-FO process to reduce energy consumption of desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. •• Valladares Linares R, Li Z, Yangali-Quintanilla V, Ghaffour N, Amy G, Leiknes T, et al. Life cycle cost of a hybrid forward osmosis – low pressure reverse osmosis system for seawater desalination and wastewater recovery. Water Res. 2016;88:225–34 This paper demonstrates the mechanism under energy consumption reduction achieved by the combined wastewater treatment and seawater desalination process using RO-FO.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Yangali-Quintanilla V, Li Z, Valladares R, Li Q, Amy G. Indirect desalination of Red Sea water with forward osmosis and low pressure reverse osmosis for water reuse. Desalination. 2011;280:160–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. •• Cai Y, Hu XM. A critical review on draw solutes development for forward osmosis. Desalination. 2016;391:16–29 This article provides a comprehensive review on draw solution development and selection in FO desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. McCutcheon JR, McGinnis RL, Elimelech M. A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process. Desalination. 2005;174:1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. McGinnis RL, Hancock NT, Nowosielski-Slepowron MS, McGurgan GD. Pilot demonstration of the NH3/CO2 forward osmosis desalination process on high salinity brines. Desalination. 2013;312:67–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Xie M, Nghiem LD, Price WE, Elimelech M. A Forward Osmosis–Membrane Distillation Hybrid Process for Direct Sewer Mining: System Performance and Limitations. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47:13486–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. • Song H, Xie F, Chen W, Liu J. FO/MD hybrid system for real dairy wastewater recycling. Environ Technol. 2017:1–11 This paper demonstrates the feasibility of combined FO-MD for the treatment of real dairy wastewater.

  42. • Luo W, Phan HV, Li G, Hai FI, Price WE, Elimelech M, et al. An Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor–Membrane Distillation System for Simultaneous Wastewater Reuse and Seawater Desalination: Performance and Implications. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51:14311–20 This study investigates the performance of a combined osmotic membrane bioreactor and MD for simultaneous wastewater reuse and seawater desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. • Zhou Y, Huang M, Deng Q, Cai T. Combination and performance of forward osmosis and membrane distillation (FO-MD) for treatment of high salinity landfill leachate. Desalination. 2017;420:99–105 This study investigates the performance of a combined FO-MD process for treatment of high salinity landfill leachate.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cath TY, Childress AE, Elimelech M. Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments. J Membr Sci. 2006;281:70–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. • Straub AP, Deshmukh A, Elimelech M. Pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation from salinity gradients: is it viable? Energy Environ Sci. 2016;9:31–48 This paper discusses the working principles and applications of pressure retarded osmosis for power generation from salinity gradients to provide energy for desalination processes.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. •• Duong HC, Cooper P, Nelemans B, Cath TY, Nghiem LD. Evaluating energy consumption of membrane distillation for seawater desalination using a pilot air gap system. Sep Purif Technol. 2016;166:55–62 This original paper for the first time evaluates the energy consumption of a seawater MD desalination process at a pilot-scale level.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. •• Duong HC, Chivas AR, Nelemans B, Duke M, Gray S, Cath TY, et al. Treatment of RO brine from CSG produced water by spiral-wound air gap membrane distillation - A pilot study. Desalination. 2015;366:121–9 This study demonstrates the application of MD for desalination of brine from a RO process of coal seam gas produced water for beneficial uses.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhao K, Heinzl W, Wenzel M, Büttner S, Bollen F, Lange G, et al. Experimental study of the memsys vacuum-multi-effect-membrane-distillation (V-MEMD) module. Desalination. 2013;323:150–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jansen AE, Assink JW, Hanemaaijer JH, van Medevoort J, van Sonsbeek E. Development and pilot testing of full-scale membrane distillation modules for deployment of waste heat. Desalination. 2013;323:55–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lin S, Yip NY, Elimelech M. Direct contact membrane distillation with heat recovery: Thermodynamic insights from module scale modeling. J Membr Sci. 2014;453:498–515.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. •• Duong HC, Cooper P, Nelemans B, Nghiem LD. Optimising thermal efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation via brine recycling for small-scale seawater desalination. Desalination. 2015;374:1–9 This paper for the first time experimentally investigates feasibility of a direct contact membrane distillation process operated in brine recycling mode to increase the process water recovery and reduce energy consumption.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Zaragoza G, Ruiz-Aguirre A, Guillén-Burrieza E. Efficiency in the use of solar thermal energy of small membrane desalination systems for decentralized water production. Appl Energy. 2014;130:491–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. • Dow N, Gray S, Li J-d, Zhang J, Ostarcevic E, Liubinas A, et al. Pilot trial of membrane distillation driven by low grade waste heat: Membrane fouling and energy assessment. Desalination. 2016;391:40–2 This is a case study on waste heat powered MD system for seawater desalination.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. • Shim WG, He K, Gray S, Moon IS. Solar energy assisted direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process for seawater desalination. Sep Purif Technol. 2015;143:94–104 This study demonstrates a long operation of a MD system powered by solar thermal energy with a real seawater feed.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. • Kim Y-D, Thu K, Choi S-H. Solar-assisted multi-stage vacuum membrane distillation system with heat recovery unit. Desalination. 2015;367:161–71 This paper evaluate the energy consumption and performance of a solar-assusted multi-stage vacuum membrane distillation equiped with a heat recovery unit for improved thermal efficiency.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chafidz A, Al-Zahrani S, Al-Otaibi MN, Hoong CF, Lai TF, Prabu M. Portable and integrated solar-driven desalination system using membrane distillation for arid remote areas in Saudi Arabia. Desalination. 2014;345:36–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schwantes R, Cipollina A, Gross F, Koschikowski J, Pfeifle D, Rolletschek M, et al. Membrane distillation: Solar and waste heat driven demonstration plants for desalination. Desalination. 2013;323:93–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. •• Duong HC, Duke M, Gray S, Cath TY, Nghiem LD. Scaling control during membrane distillation of coal seam gas reverse osmosis brine. J Membr Sci. 2015;493:673–82 This paper systematically addresses the issue of membrane scaling in MD treatment of reverse osmosis brine from coal seam gas produced water for beneficial use.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. •• Duong HC, Duke M, Gray S, Cooper P, Nghiem LD. Membrane scaling and prevention techniques during seawater desalination by air gap membrane distillation. Desalination. 2016;397:92–100 This original paper addresses membrane fouling and its mitigation.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. • Campione A, Gurreri L, Ciofalo M, Micale G, Tamburini A, Cipollina A. Electrodialysis for water desalination: A critical assessment of recent developments on process fundamentals, models and applications. Desalination. 2018;434:121–60 This study provides fundamental knowledge about working principles, models, and applications of electrodialysis for desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mulyati S, Takagi R, Fujii A, Ohmukai Y, Maruyama T, Matsuyama H. Improvement of the antifouling potential of an anion exchange membrane by surface modification with a polyelectrolyte for an electrodialysis process. J Membr Sci. 2012;417-418:137–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Vaselbehagh M, Karkhanechi H, Mulyati S, Takagi R, Matsuyama H. Improved antifouling of anion-exchange membrane by polydopamine coating in electrodialysis process. Desalination. 2014;332:126–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Turek M, Dydo P, Waś J. Electrodialysis reversal in high CaSO4 supersaturation mode. Desalination. 2006;198:288–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. AlMarzooqi FA, Al Ghaferi AA, Saadat I, Hilal N. Application of Capacitive Deionisation in water desalination: A review. Desalination. 2014;342:3–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. • Dorji P, Choi J, Kim DI, Phuntsho S, Hong S, Shon HK. Membrane capacitive deionisation as an alternative to the 2nd pass for seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant for bromide removal. Desalination. 2018;433:113–9 This paper examine an application of capacitive deionisation as a second pass for seawater RO desalination process to increase bromide removal.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. •• Hu CC, Hsieh CF, Chen YJ, Liu CF. How to achieve the optimal performance of capacitive deionization and inverted-capacitive deionization. Desalination. 2018;442:89–98 This paper investigates methods to obtain optimal performance of capacitive deionisation and inverted-capacitive deionisation for water desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang W, Mossad M, Zou L. A study of the long-term operation of capacitive deionisation in inland brackish water desalination. Desalination. 2013;320:80–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mossad M, Zou L. Study of fouling and scaling in capacitive deionisation by using dissolved organic and inorganic salts. J Hazard Mater. 2013;244-245:387–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Anderson MA, Cudero AL, Palma J. Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: Will it compete? Electrochimica Acta. 2010;55:3845–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Długołęcki P, van der Wal A. Energy Recovery in Membrane Capacitive Deionization. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47:4904–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. • Kang J, Kim T, Shin H, Lee J, Ha J-I, Yoon J. Direct energy recovery system for membrane capacitive deionization. Desalination. 2016;398:144–50 This study provides insights into the direct energy recovery system used for membrane capacitive deionisation for low carbon desalination.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Porada S, Zhao R, van der Wal A, Presser V, Biesheuvel PM. Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Prog Mater Sci. 2013;58:1388–442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kim YJ, Choi JH. Improvement of desalination efficiency in capacitive deionization using a carbon electrode coated with an ion-exchange polymer. Water Res. 2010;44:990–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kim YJ, Choi JH. Enhanced desalination efficiency in capacitive deionization with an ion-selective membrane. Sep Purif Technol. 2010;71:70–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gamby J, Taberna PL, Simon P, Fauvarque JF, Chesneau M. Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors. J Power Sources. 2001;101:109–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Porada S, Weinstein L, Dash R, van der Wal A, Bryjak M, Gogotsi Y, et al. Water Desalination Using Capacitive Deionization with Microporous Carbon Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4:1194–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hou CH, Huang CY, Hu CY. Application of capacitive deionization technology to the removal of sodium chloride from aqueous solutions. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2013;10:753–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Yang J, Zou L, Choudhury NR. Ion-selective carbon nanotube electrodes in capacitive deionisation. Electrochim Acta. 2013;91:11–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang Z, Dou B, Zheng L, Zhang G, Liu Z, Hao Z. Effective desalination by capacitive deionization with functional graphene nanocomposite as novel electrode material. Desalination. 2012;299:96–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Li H, Pan L, Lu T, Zhan Y, Nie C, Sun Z. A comparative study on electrosorptive behavior of carbon nanotubes and graphene for capacitive deionization. J Electroanal Chem. 2011;653:40–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kim Y-J, Choi J-H. Selective removal of nitrate ion using a novel composite carbon electrode in capacitive deionization. Water Res. 2012;46:6033–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kim Y-J, Kim J-H, Choi J-H. Selective removal of nitrate ions by controlling the applied current in membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). J Membr Sci. 2013;429:52–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Demirer ON, Naylor RM, Rios Perez CA, Wilkes E, Hidrovo C. Energetic performance optimization of a capacitive deionization system operating with transient cycles and brackish water. Desalination. 2013;314:130–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia

    Hung Cong Duong & Long D. Nghiem

  2. Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Hung Cong Duong, Thao M. Pham & Thang D. Pham

  3. Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia

    Ashley J. Ansari

Authors
  1. Hung Cong Duong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ashley J. Ansari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Long D. Nghiem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thao M. Pham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Thang D. Pham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hung Cong Duong.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Water Pollution

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Duong, H.C., Ansari, A.J., Nghiem, L.D. et al. Low Carbon Desalination by Innovative Membrane Materials and Processes. Curr Pollution Rep 4, 251–264 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-018-0097-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-018-0097-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation