Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reduced CO2 Fluid as an Agent of Ore-Forming Processes: A Case Study of Dolomite-Replacement Skarns at the Yoko-Dovyren Massif

  • Published:
Petrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The paper presents newly obtained geochemical data on outer-contact rocks and carbonate-replacement skarns of the Yoko-Dovyren layered ultramafic–mafic intrusion in the northern Baikal area. The rocks initially contained CO2-rich fluid with a high oxygen fugacity (up to NNO + 3–4), which was generated by the partial decomposition of dolomite and by reactions between SiO2 and carbonates. The skarn blue diopside is enriched in Pt (up to 0.2 ppm) and V (300 ppm), and the wollastonite zone of the skarns contains elevated Re concentrations (up to 0.4 ppm). The REE pattern of the contact-zone quartzite is identical to the REE patterns of phlogopite-bearing lherzolites from the lower contact part of the Yoko-Dovyren massif. These geochemical features of the rocks of the intrusion may be explained by the transfer and redeposition of material by reduced H2O–CO2 fluid. According to thermodynamic calculations, a reaction between H2O–CO2 fluid and high-Mg olivine at a subsolidus temperature of T = 950ºC and pressure P = 2 kbar should result in a decrease in the oxygen fugacity to QFM – 2 and, hence, generate much CO. According to the calculations, a low oxygen fugacity (close to QFM + 0.7) can also be maintained by pyrrhotite oxidation with H2O and CO2 fluid components under cumulus P–T parameters. As a result of these reactions, the fluid should enrich in Pt extracted from magmatic sulfides, and this Pt can be redeposited in rocks, including those composing the skarn zones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Aird, H.M. and Boudreau, A.E., High-temperature carbonate minerals in the Stillwater Complex, montana, USA, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 2013, vol. 166, pp. 1143–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Altukhov, E.N., Gershanik, S.Yu., Glazunov, O.M., et al., Tectonic position and ore potential of mafic-ultramafic rocks of Northern Baikal region, Geol. Geofiz., 1990, no. 6, pp. 56–64.

  3. Ariskin, A.A., Danyushevsky, L.V., Konnikov, E.G., et al., The Dovyren intrusive complex (northern Baikal region, Russia): isotope-geochemical markers of contamination of parental magmas and extreme enrichment of the source, Russ. Geol. Geophys., 2015, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 411–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ariskin, A.A., Fomin, I.S., Zharkova, E.V., et al., Redox conditions during crystallization of ultramafic and gabbroic rocks of the Yoko–Dovyren Massif (based on the results of measurements of intrinsic oxygen fugacity of olivine), Geochem. Int., 2017, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 595–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ariskin, A.A., Kostitsyn, Yu.A., Konnikov, E.G., Danyushevskii, L.V., et al., Geochronology of the Dovyren intrusive complex, Northwestern Baikal Area, Russia, in the Neoproterozoic, Geochem. Int., 2013, no. 11, pp. 859–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ariskin, A.A., Kislov, E.V., Danyushevsky, L.V., et al., Cu–Ni–PGE fertility of the Yoko-Dovyren layered massif (Northern Transbaikalia, Russia): thermodynamic modeling of sulfide compositions in low mineralized dunite based on quantitative sulfide mineralogy, Mineral. Deposita, 2016, vol. 51, pp. 993–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ballhaus, C. and Stumpfl, E.F., Sulfide and platinum mineralization in the Merensky Reef: evidence from hydrous silicates and fluid inclusions, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1986, vol. 94, pp. 193–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ballhaus, C. and Sylvester, P., Noble metal enrichment processes in the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, J. Petrol., 2000, vol. 41, pp. 545–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Berman, R.G. and Aranovich, L.Y., Optimized standard state and solution properties of minerals, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1996, vol. 126, nos. 1–2, pp. 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Boudreau, A.E. and Meurer, W.P., Chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, base metals, gold and sulfur during degassing of a compacting and solidifying igneous crystal pile, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1999, vol. 134, pp. 174–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Canil, D. and Fedortchouk, Y., Olivine–liquid partitioning of vanadium and other trace elements, with application to modern and ancient picrites, Can. Mineral., 2001, vol. 39, pp. 319–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Distanov, E.G. and Kovalev, K.R., Kholodninskoe stratiform sulfide–base metal deposit, Mestorozhdeniya Zabaikal’ya (Transbaikalian Deposits), Chita; M.: Geoinformmark, 1995, Vol. 1, pp. 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Doroshkevich, A., Sklyarov, E., Starikova, A., et al., Stable isotope (C, O, H) characteristics and genesis of the Tazheran brucite marbles and skarns, Olkhon region, Russia, Mineral. Petrol., 2017, vol. 111, pp. 399–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Duan, Z.H. and Zhang, Z.G., Equation of state of the H2O–CO2 system up to 10 GPa and 2573 K: molecular dynamics simulations with ab initio potential surface, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2006, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 2311–2324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ferry, J.M., Ushikubo, T., and Valley, J.W., Formation of forsterite by silicification of dolomite during contact metamorphism, J. Petrol., 2011, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1619–1640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. French, B.M. and Eugster, H.P., Experimental control of oxygen fugacities by graphite–gas equilibriums, J. Geophys. Res., 1965, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1529–1539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Frey, M. and Robinson, D., Low-Grade Metamorphism, Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Frost, B.R., Introduction to oxygen fugacity and its petrologic importance, Rev. Mineral., 1991, vol. 25, pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ganino, C., Arndt, N.T., Chauvel, C., et al., Melting of carbonate wall rocks and formation of the heterogeneous aureole of the Panzhihua intrusion, china, Geosci. Front., 2013, vol. 4, pp. 535–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Holland, Т.J.В. and Powell, R., An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest, J. Metamorph. Geol., 1998, vol. 16, pp. 309–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jones, L.C., Rosenbauer, R., Goldsmith, J.I., et al., Carbonate control of H2 and CH4 production in serpentinization systems at elevated P-Ts, Geophys. Rev. Lett., 2010, vol. 37, L14306; doi 10.1029/2010GL043769

  22. Kislov, E.V., Ioko-Dovyrenskii rassloennyi massiv (Yoko-Dovyren Layered Massif), BNTs SO RAN, 1998.

  23. Konnikov, E.G., Tsygankov, A.A., and Vrublevskaya, T.T., Baikalo-Muiskii vulkano-plutonicheskii poyas: strukturno-veshchestvennye kompleksy i geodinamika (Baikal–Muya Plutonic Belt: Lithotectonic Complexes and Geodynamics), Moscow: GEOS, 1999.

  24. Konnikov, E.G., Meurer, W.P., Neruchev, S.S., et al., Fluid regime of platinum group elements (PGE) and gold-bearing reef formation in the Dovyren mafic-ultramafic layered complex, eastern Siberia, Russia, Mineral. Deposita, 2000, vol. 35, pp. 526–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lepage, L.D., ILMAT: an Excel worksheet for ilmenite–magnetite geothermometry and geobarometry, Comput. Geosci, 2003, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 673–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mathez, E.A., Magmatic metasomatism and formation of the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1995, vol. 119, pp. 277–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mungal, J.E. and Naldrett, A.J., Ore deposits of the platinum-group elements, GeoScienceWorld in Elements, 2008, vol. 4, pp. 253–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Nikolaev, G.S., Bychkov, K.A., and Ariskin, A.A., Modeling olivine–spinel and olivine–spinel–sulfide cotectics during crystallization of ultramafic magmas, Ul’tramafit-mafitovye kompleksy: geologiya, stroenie, rudnyi potentsial: materialy V Mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii (Gremyachinsk, 2–6 sentyabrya 2017 g.) (Ultramafic–mafic Complexes: Structure and Ore Potential. Proceedings of 5th International Conference, Gremyachinsk, 2017), Ulan-Ude: Izd-vo Buryatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2017, pp. 196–198.

  29. Pertsev, N.N. and Shabynin, L.I., Skarn, carbonate, and brucite xenoliths of the Yoko–Dovyren massif, Kontaktovye protsessy i orudenenie v gabbro-peridotitovykh intruziyakh (Contact Processes and Mineralization in the Gabbro–Peridotite Intrusions), Moscow: Nauka, 1978, pp. 85–96.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Putirka, K.D., Igneous thermometers and barometers based on plagioclase + liquid equilibria: tests of some existing models and new calibrations, Am. Mineral., 2005, vol. 90, nos. 2–3, pp. 336–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., and Fisher, J.R., Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures, US Geol. Surv. Bull., 1978, no. 1452.

  32. Sack, R.O. and Ghiorso, M.S., Chromian spinels as petrogenetic indicators: thermodynamics and petrological applications, Am. Mineral., 1991, vol. 76, pp. 827–847.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Satake, M. and Mido, Y., Chemistry of transition elements, New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Shi, P. and Saxena, S.K., Thermodynamic modeling of the C–H–O–S fluid system, Am. Mineral., 1992, vol. 77, nos. 9–10, pp. 1038–1049.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Simakin, A.G. and Shaposhnikova, O.Yu., Novel amphibole geobarometer for high-magnesium andesite and basalt magmas, Petrology, 2017, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 226–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Simakin, A.G., Salova, T.P., and Bondarenko, G.V., Experimental study of magmatic melt oxidation by CO2, Petrology, 2012, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 593–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Simakin, A.G., Salova, T.P., Gabitov, R.I., et al., Dry CO2–CO fluid as an important potential deep earth solvent, Geofluids, 2016, vol. 16, pp. 1043–1057.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Simakin A.G., Devyatova V.N., Salova T.P., et al., Properties of reduced carbon dioxide fluid: evidence from experimental and thermodynamic modeling, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2018, vol. 478, pp. 70–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sun, S.-S. and McDonough, W.F., Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes, Magmatism in Ocean Basins, Saunders, A.D. and Norry M.J., Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 1989, pp. 313–345.

  40. Wenzel, T., Baumgartner, L.P., Brugmann, G.E., et al., Partial melting and assimilation of dolomitic xenoliths by mafic magma: the Yoko-Dovyren intrusion (north Baikal Region, Russia), J. Petrol., 2002, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 2049–2074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. http://models.kl-edi.ac.cn/models/h2oco2/index.htm.

  42. https://earthref.org/GERM.

  43. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiol.

  44. http://melts.ofm-research.org/CalcForms/index.html.

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank V.K. Karandashev (Institute of Problems of the Technology of Microelectronics and Ultrapure Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences) for ICP-MS analysis of natural samples. L.Ya. Aranovich (Institute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) and A.S. Mekhonoshin (Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) are thanked for the informative reviews of the manuscript. We highly appreciate constructive criticism expressed by L.Ya. Aranovich, which allowed us to cardinally improve the quality of the thermodynamic calculations. During its final phase, this study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 18-05-00597.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Korzhinskii Institute of Experimental Mineralogy (IEM), Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 , Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, Russia

    A. G. Simakin, T. P. Salova, O. Yu. Shaposhnikova & A. N. Nekrasov

  2. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth (IFZ), Russian Academy of Sciences, 123242, Moscow, Russia

    A. G. Simakin

  3. Geological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670042, Ulan-Ude, Buryat Republic, Russia

    E. V. Kislov

Authors
  1. A. G. Simakin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. V. Kislov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. P. Salova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. O. Yu. Shaposhnikova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. N. Nekrasov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. G. Simakin.

Additional information

Translated by E. Kurdyukov

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Simakin, A.G., Kislov, E.V., Salova, T.P. et al. Reduced CO2 Fluid as an Agent of Ore-Forming Processes: A Case Study of Dolomite-Replacement Skarns at the Yoko-Dovyren Massif. Petrology 27, 1–16 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S086959111901003X

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S086959111901003X

Keywords:

Search

Navigation