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Assessment of PM2.5 chemical compositions in Delhi: primary vs secondary emissions and contribution to light extinction coefficient and visibility degradation

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Abstract

Haze-fog conditions over northern India are associated with visibility degradation and severe attenuation of solar radiation by airborne particles with various chemical compositions. PM2.5 samples have been collected in Delhi, India from December 2011 to November 2012 and analyzed for carbonaceous and inorganic species. PM10 measurements were made simultaneously such that PM10–2.5 could be estimated by difference. This study analyzes the temporal variation of PM2.5 and carbonaceous particles (CP), focusing on identification of the primary and secondary aerosol emissions, estimations of light extinction coefficient (bext) and the contributions by the major PM2.5 chemical components. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and PM10–2.5 were found to be 153.6 ± 59.8, 33.5 ± 15.9, 6.9 ± 3.9 and 91.1 ± 99.9 μg m−3, respectively. Total CP, secondary organic aerosols and major anions (e.g., SO4 2− and NO3 −) maximize during the post-monsoon and winter due to fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. PM10–2.5 is more abundant during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The OC/EC varies from 2.45 to 9.26 (mean of 5.18 ± 1.47), indicating the influence of multiple combustion sources. The bext exhibits highest values (910 ± 280 and 1221 ± 371 Mm−1) in post-monsoon and winter and lowest in monsoon (363 ± 110 and 457 ± 133 Mm−1) as estimated via the original and revised IMPROVE algorithms, respectively. Organic matter (OM =1.6 × OC) accounts for ~39 % and ~48 % of the bext, followed by (NH4)2SO4 (~21 % and ~24 %) and EC (~13 % and ~10 %), according to the original and revised algorithms, respectively. The bext estimates via the two IMPROVE versions are highly correlated (R2 = 0.95, root mean square error = 38 % and mean bias error = 28 %) and are strongly related to visibility impairment (r = −0.72), mostly associated with anthropogenic rather than natural PM contributions. Therefore, reduction of CP and precursor gas emissions represents an urgent opportunity for air quality improvement across Delhi.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Director, IITM Pune and Ministry of Earth Science, Government of India for their constant encouragement and support of the research work. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.ready.noaa.gov) used in this study. UCD and DGK greatly appreciate the fruitful communications and comments provided by Prof. Nikos Mihalopoulos. Authors would like to thanks the editor in Chief Prof. E. Atlas and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions which helped us to improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 001, India

    U.C. Dumka

  2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200 433, China

    U.C. Dumka

  3. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Branch, New Delhi, 110 001, India

    S. Tiwari, A.K. Srivastava & D.S. Bisht

  4. Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, -11810, Athens, GR, Greece

    D.G. Kaskaoutis

  5. Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5708, USA

    P.K. Hopke

  6. Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Delhi, 110 003, India

    Jagvir Singh

  7. India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, 110 003, India

    S.D. Attri

  8. School of Vocational Studies & Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, 201 303, India

    S. Tyagi & A. Misra

  9. College Ghosia College of Engineering Ramanagara, Karnataka, 562159, India

    G.S. Munawar Pasha

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  1. U.C. Dumka
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Dumka, U., Tiwari, S., Kaskaoutis, D. et al. Assessment of PM2.5 chemical compositions in Delhi: primary vs secondary emissions and contribution to light extinction coefficient and visibility degradation. J Atmos Chem 74, 423–450 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9350-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9350-8

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