Abstract
Hydrological processes in riparian forests affect their geomorphology and drainage, and define their structure. Interactions among many environmental variables and the tree community in continuous riverine forests affect their formation and add to their complexity, making our understanding of these habitats particularly challenging. We evaluated the tree species diversity and richness in relation to relief and flooding regimes in the watershed of a riparian forest in southern Brazil. The environments of the topographic gradients were classified according to relief and soil. Canonical correspondence analysis and indicator species analysis were used for the environmental classification. A detailed soil survey showed that the organic matter content and pH are quite distinct among the environmental categories. Frequent flooding of low intensity on the floodplain was associated with incipient and shallow channels, greater frequency of livestock encroachment, and lower frequency of shade-tolerant species dominance in the deep relief of the valleys and the headwaters. We conclude that there is a dynamic flow of species migration between the flooded and non-flooded environments in small channels and that the narrow deep channels in the floodplain with less frequent and intense flooding favor an expansion of the upland tree species into riparian areas, with channel shape and depth important variables in the impact of cattle encroachment on vegetation. The greatest tree diversity was found in the ravine habitats in the intermediate landscapes.
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Appendix A
Appendix A
Species list and frequency of species occurrence from the 40 sampling points classified into environmental categories. Growth habits [tree (t), treelet or shrub (ts), shrub (s), solitary palm (p), exotic (ex.)], guilds [regeneration (Reg.); light-demanding climax (LDC), pioneer (Pi), shade-tolerant climax (STC)]; and seed dispersal (Disp.); anemochorous (Ane.), zoochorous (Zoo.), autochorous (Auto.)], environmental compartment [headwater (1), valley (2), ravine (3), floodplain (4), mouth of the creek (5)] (Lorenzi 2000; Scipioni 2018).
Families and species | Growth habits | Guilds | Environmental compartment (%) | n | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reg. | Disp. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
Anacardiaceae | |||||||||
Lithrea brasiliensis | t | LDC | Zoo. | 1.9 | 12.9 | 54.0 | 29.8 | 1.5 | 99 |
Lithrea molleoides | t | LDC | Zoo. | 27.3 | 0.0 | 72.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7 |
Schinus polygamus | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 52.2 | 0.0 | 47.8 | 0.0 | 2 |
Annonaceae | |||||||||
Annona neosalicifolia | t | LDC | Zoo. | 8.7 | 30.1 | 17.4 | 33.4 | 10.4 | 53 |
Aquifoliaceae | |||||||||
Ilex microdonta | t | LDC | Zoo. | 33.3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14 |
Arecaceae | |||||||||
Butia odorata | p | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Syagrus romanzoffiana | p | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 92.7 | 36 |
Asteraceae | |||||||||
Dasyphyllum spinescens | t | Pi | Ane. | 33.1 | 8.0 | 22.1 | 36.8 | 0.0 | 10 |
Gochnatia polymorpha | t | Pi | Ane. | 11.8 | 17.2 | 47.3 | 23.7 | 0.0 | 8 |
Bignoniaceae | |||||||||
Handroanthus heptaphyllus | t | STC | Ane. | 38.2 | 27.8 | 25.5 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 8 |
Boraginaceae | |||||||||
Cordia americana | t | STC | Ane. | 36.3 | 29.9 | 24.2 | 9.7 | 0.0 | 43 |
Cordia ecalyculata | t | Zoo. | 57.9 | 42.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2 | |
Cordia trichotoma | t | LDC | Ane. | 0.0 | 59.3 | 0.0 | 40.7 | 0.0 | 7 |
Cannabaceae | |||||||||
Celtis iguanaea | t | Zoo. | 0.0 | 31.9 | 0.0 | 68.1 | 0.0 | 10 | |
Trema micrantha | t | LDC | Ane. | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2 |
Cardiopteridaceae | |||||||||
Citronella gongonha | t | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3 | |
Citronella paniculata | t | STC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 35.3 | 48.5 | 16.2 | 0.0 | 4 |
Combretaceae | |||||||||
Terminalia australis | t | LDC | Ane. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 18 |
Ebenaceae | |||||||||
Diospyros inconstans | t | STC | Zoo. | 32.7 | 40.1 | 24.5 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 51 |
Erythroxylaceae | |||||||||
Erythroxylum deciduum | t | STC | Zoo. | 42.9 | 0.0 | 42.9 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 4 |
Euphorbiaceae | |||||||||
Actinostemon concolor | t | STC | Auto. | 29.1 | 70.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 381 |
Alchornea triplinervia | t | STC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Sebastiania brasiliensis | t | LDC | Auto. | 14.1 | 7.0 | 33.7 | 40.2 | 5.0 | 333 |
Sebastiania commersoniana | t | LDC | Auto. | 3.9 | 6.9 | 14.2 | 49.1 | 25.9 | 511 |
Fabaceae | |||||||||
Calliandra tweedii | s | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 3 |
Dalbergia frutescens | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Enterolobium contortisiliquum | t | LDC | Zoo. | 10.2 | 18.5 | 40.7 | 30.6 | 0.0 | 20 |
Erythrina cristagalli | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 13.5 | 0.0 | 86.5 | 0.0 | 8 |
Inga vera | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 3 |
Machaerium paraguariense | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 15.1 | 27.8 | 57.1 | 0.0 | 52 |
Lamiaceae | |||||||||
Vitex megapotamica | t | LDC | Zoo. | 9.2 | 3.4 | 30.1 | 0.0 | 57.3 | 56 |
Lauraceae | |||||||||
Nectandra megapotamica | t | LDC | Zoo. | 9.9 | 81.4 | 0.0 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 41 |
Ocotea puberula | t | LDC | Zoo. | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Ocotea pulchella | t | LDC | Zoo. | 16.7 | 13.6 | 41.7 | 18.1 | 10.0 | 43 |
Loganiaceae | |||||||||
Strychnos brasiliensis | t | STC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Malvaceae | |||||||||
Luehea divaricata | t | LDC | Ane. | 17.2 | 11.9 | 14.5 | 11.5 | 44.9 | 95 |
Melastomataceae | |||||||||
Miconia hyemalis | ts | Pi | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Meliaceae | |||||||||
Trichilia clausseni | t | STC | Zoo. | 30.5 | 68.1 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 62 |
Trichilia elegans | t | STC | Zoo. | 52.6 | 27.3 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 14 |
Moraceae | |||||||||
Ficus cestrifolia | t | LDC | Zoo. | 73.3 | 26.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Ficus luschnathiana | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 15.4 | 42.3 | 42.3 | 0.0 | 5 |
Sorocea bonplandii | t | STC | Zoo. | 44.2 | 46.6 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 74 |
Myrtaceae | |||||||||
Blepharocalyx salicifolius | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 9.1 | 66.5 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 17 |
Campomanesia xanthocarpa | t | LDC | Zoo. | 3.7 | 48.0 | 22.0 | 14.7 | 11.7 | 30 |
Eugenia hiemalis | t | LDC | Zoo. | 11.3 | 8.2 | 7.5 | 12.6 | 60.3 | 22 |
Eugenia involucrata | t | LDC | Zoo. | 26.0 | 56.7 | 0.0 | 17.3 | 0.0 | 5 |
Eugenia pluriflora | t | STC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 1 |
Eugenia ramboi | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 2 |
Eugenia rostrifolia | t | LDC | Zoo. | 28.2 | 71.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9 |
Eugenia speciosa | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 4 |
Eugenia uniflora | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 19.8 | 76.3 | 144 |
Eugenia uruguayensis | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 1.3 | 12.5 | 6.0 | 80.2 | 75 |
Eugenia verticillata | ts | LDC | Zoo. | 73.3 | 4.1 | 22.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16 |
Myrcia multiflora | t | STC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 96.7 | 38 |
Myrcia palustris | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 29.4 | 0.0 | 70.6 | 4 |
Myrcianthes pungens | t | STC | Zoo. | 20.9 | 53.2 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 0.0 | 81 |
Myrciaria tenella | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 99.3 | 60 |
Myrrhinium atropurpureum | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45.5 | 54.5 | 3 |
Oleaceae | |||||||||
Chionanthus filiformis | t | STC | Zoo. | 60.0 | 0.0 | 40.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4 |
Polygonaceae | |||||||||
Coccoloba cordata | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.5 | 91.5 | 11 |
Polygonaceae | |||||||||
Ruprechtia laxiflora | t | STC | Ane. | 12.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 78.7 | 6 |
Primulaceae | |||||||||
Myrsine coriacea | t | Pi | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Myrsine guianensis | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2 |
Myrsine laetevirens | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 5.3 | 80.1 | 14.6 | 0.0 | 19 |
Myrsine loefgrenii | t | LDC | Zoo. | 15.5 | 22.5 | 62.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15 |
Myrsine parvula | t | LDC | Zoo. | 20.0 | 0.0 | 80.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Myrsine umbellata | t | LDC | Zoo. | 32.2 | 3.3 | 64.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15 |
Rhamnaceae | |||||||||
Scutia buxifolia | t | LDC | Zoo. | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 80.0 | 0.0 | 14 |
Rosaceae | |||||||||
Prunus myrtifolia | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 68.6 | 0.0 | 31.4 | 0.0 | 3 |
Rubiaceae | |||||||||
Chomelia obtusa | t | STC | Zoo. | 36.0 | 28.1 | 21.3 | 1.8 | 12.8 | 72 |
Faramea montevidensis | t | STC | Zoo. | 38.7 | 53.5 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30 |
Guettarda uruguensis | t | STC | Zoo. | 3.0 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 14.8 | 73.2 | 53 |
Randia ferox | t | LDC | Zoo. | 21.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 43.5 | 34.8 | 5 |
Citrus spp. | t, ex | LDC | Zoo. | 73.3 | 26.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Zanthoxylum fagara | t | LDC | Zoo. | 60.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 40.0 | 0.0 | 6 |
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium | t | Pi | Zoo. | 40.4 | 2.9 | 56.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18 |
Salicaceae | |||||||||
Banara parviflora | t | LDC | Zoo. | 37.1 | 13.5 | 37.1 | 12.4 | 0.0 | 5 |
Banara tomentosa | t | STC | Zoo. | 26.8 | 19.5 | 26.8 | 26.8 | 0.0 | 8 |
Casearia decandra | t | STC | Zoo. | 33.0 | 15.3 | 26.4 | 10.5 | 14.8 | 70 |
Casearia sylvestris | t | LDC | Zoo. | 22.0 | 9.4 | 22.0 | 14.6 | 32.1 | 184 |
Salix humboldtiana | t | LDC | Ane. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Xylosma prockia | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Xylosma pseudosalzmannii | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 2 |
Xylosma tweediana | t | LDC | Zoo. | 5.0 | 18.2 | 70.1 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 15 |
Sapindaceae | |||||||||
Allophylus edulis | t | STC | Zoo. | 11.7 | 16.4 | 13.7 | 45.7 | 12.5 | 120 |
Cupania vernalis | t | LDC | Zoo. | 13.3 | 86.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10 |
Matayba elaeagnoides | t | LDC | Zoo. | 11.2 | 27.3 | 15.0 | 22.5 | 24.0 | 28 |
Sapotaceae | |||||||||
Chrysophyllum gonocarpum | t | STC | Zoo. | 64.7 | 35.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7 |
Chrysophyllum marginatum | t | LDC | Zoo. | 16.9 | 19.0 | 28.8 | 18.8 | 16.4 | 187 |
Pouteria gardneriana | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 10 |
Sideroxylon obtusifolium | t | LDC | Zoo. | 15.5 | 22.5 | 62.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5 |
Solanaceae | |||||||||
Solanum pseudoquina | t | LDC | Zoo. | 75.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 3 |
Solanum sanctae-catharinae | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Symplocaceae | |||||||||
Symplocos uniflora | t | LDC | Zoo. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 2 |
Verbenaceae | |||||||||
Citharexylum montevidense | t | LDC | Zoo. | 8.6 | 26.7 | 51.8 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 42 |
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Scipioni, M.C., de Araújo Pedron, F., Longhi, S.J. et al. Natural channeling in riverine forests determines variations in their floristic composition, structure, and land use in southern Brazil. Landscape Ecol Eng 15, 347–362 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-019-00385-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-019-00385-8