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Albian–Cenomanian A-type granite-related Ag–Pb–Zn veins in the central Yidun Terrane, SW China: constraints from the Xiasai deposit

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Abstract

The Xiasai–Lianlong metallogenic belt in the central Yidun Terrane (China) hosts several Sn–Ag and (Sn–) Ag–Pb–Zn deposits, which are spatially associated with Cretaceous granites. The Xiasai Ag–Pb–Zn deposit (about 0.27 Mt Pb+Zn, 1028 t Ag, and 20,000 t Sn) is the largest deposit in the belt and is related to a monzogranite intrusion. The deposit consists of sulfides in hydrothermal veins, resulting from three successive mineralization stages (I–III). A Rb–Sr isochron of sphalerite samples yielded an age of 99 ± 3 Ma, and zircon U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) dating of the Xiasai monzogranite gave ages between 102 ± 1 and 101 ± 1 Ma. The Xiasai monzogranite has a weakly peraluminous A-type granite composition, with high SiO2, alkali, and FeOt contents and low CaO, MgO, and TiO2 contents. It is marked by enrichments in Rb, Th, and U, with depletions in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti relative to the primitive mantle. The REE patterns show a negative slope due to LREE enrichment with negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.1–0.3). The Xiasai monzogranite, with variable εHf(t) values (− 2.7 to 0.6) and Meso- to Neoproterozoic two-stages Hf model ages (TDM2 = 925–1095 Ma), was probably derived from mixing of melts derived from partial melting of the Paleoproterozoic crustal basement and the Early Cretaceous mantle in an extensional tectonic setting. Hydrothermal fluids are characterized by high temperatures (423–481 °C) and salinities (14.9–19.0 wt% NaCl) for Sn mineralization (stage I), moderate temperatures (285–386 °C) and salinities (3.5–8.0 wt% NaCl) for the Cu–Zn mineralization (substage II-2), and low temperatures (158–242 °C) and salinities (3.4–5.7 wt% NaCl) for the Ag–Pb mineralization (substage II-3). The H–O isotopes indicate that the hydrothermal fluid likely has a magmatic component that mixed over time with infiltrating meteoric water and organic matter during fluid–rock interactions. The δ34S values of sphalerite range from − 9.7 to − 3.1‰ and those from galena from − 10.5 to − 4.9‰. The estimated δ34S value of the hydrothermal fluid is − 8.5‰, using the sulfur isotopic fractionation of sphalerite–galena pairs that are interpreted to be in equilibrium. Sulfides from substages II-2 and II-3 have relatively homogeneous Pb isotopic compositions, which are similar with those of K-feldspars from the Xiasai monzogranite. Geochronological and isotope data support a magmatic–hydrothermal origin for the Xiasai Ag–Pb–Zn deposit.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Matthieu Harlaux (University of Geneva, Switzerland) and Prof. Dave Lentz (University of New Brunswick, Canada) for their critical reviews and constructive comments. The authors also thank Editor-in-Chief Prof. Georges Beaudoin and Associate Editor AE Moritz for their editorial help and useful suggestions. We are grateful to Prof. Thomas Ulrich from Aarhus University, Denmark, for his constructive and valuable revisions. Drs. Zhao-Chu Hu and Kui-Dong Zhao at the GPMR are thanked for their help during LA-(MC-) ICP-MS analysis. Dr. Wen-Jing Wang at the Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, is thanked for laser Raman spectroscopy analysis.

Funding

This study was co-supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 41202054 and 41672083); the Fundamental Research Funds for National Universities, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (grants CUGQYZX1708 and CUGCJ1817); and the Chinese Scholarship Council (support for Yan-Jun Li during his stay at Aarhus University, Denmark).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Yan-Jun Li, Jun-Hao Wei, Jun Tan, Le-Bing Fu, Huan Li & Kun-Jia Ke

  2. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mineral Exploration Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Yan-Jun Li, Jun-Hao Wei, Jun Tan & Le-Bing Fu

  3. Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark

    Yan-Jun Li

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  1. Yan-Jun Li
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ESM 1

(DOC 68 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 1

Structural sketches of Zn–Cu-rich and Ag–Pb-rich ores from the Xiasai deposit. a, b Outcrop photography and interpretative sketch for the S8 ore body from the roof of the adit K10. c Surface sketch for the S1 ore body in the adit K81 (PDF 46 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 2

a SiO2 vs. K2O and b A/NK vs. A/CNK diagrams for the Xiasai monzogranite. A = Al2O3, N = Na2O, K = K2O, C = CaO (all in molar proportion). Samples of the Rongyicuo, Ruorolong, Lianlong, and Zhalong are from Hou et al. (2001a) and Qu et al. (2002) (PDF 21 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 3

a Chondrite normalized rare earth element diagrams and b primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams for the Xiasai monzogranite. Normalization values are from Sun and McDonough (1989) and data for upper continental crust (UCC) are from Rudnick and Gao (2003). Yellow fields represent other Cretaceous A-type granites in the YDT complied from Hou et al. (2001a) and Qu et al. (2002) (PDF 22 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 4

CL textures observed from hydrothermal quartz and photomicrographs showing primary fluid inclusions hosted in quartz from the Xiasai Ag–Pb–Zn deposit. a No growth zones cut by CL-dark fractures (arrows indicated) for quartz-cassiterite vein in stage I. b, d, f biphase (L-V) aqueous fluid inclusions in quartz from stage I, sub-stage II-2 and sub-stage II-3, respectively. c No oscillatory euhedral zones cut by CL-bright fractures (arrows indicated) from sub-stage II-2. e Oscillatory growth zones observed in quartz from sub-stage II-3, interact by late anhedral quartz-veins (PDF 167 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 5.

a–f Histograms for total homogenization temperatures (Th) and calculated salinities of fluid inclusions from stage I (a, b), sub-stages II-2 (c, d) and II-3 (e, f). gTh vs. salinity diagram for fluid inclusions from stage I, sub-stages II-2 and II-3. Inset illustration shows different fluid evolution paths based on Shepherd et al. (1985) (PDF 43 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 6

a Histogram of zircon εHf(t) values and bεHf(t)–t diagram for the Xiasai monzogranite. Data for the Haizi granite are from Reid et al. (2007) (PDF 21 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 7

a LogfS2–temperature grid showing the stability field of arsenopyrite (sub-stage II-1) from Xiasai Ag–Pb–Zn deposit (light yellow shaded area). The phase diagram was from Tomkins et al. (2006). b Molar Ag/(Ag + Cu) and Zn/(Zn + Fe) ratios of primary freibergite in the Xiasai deposit. The isotherms are calculated on the basis of Sack (2005). The data for freibergite are from Huang and Hu (2000) and our unpublished data. c LogfS2 vs. temperature diagram showing the relative sulfidation state and the evolutionary path of hydrothermal fluids in the Xiasai deposit. Temperatures were estimated from fluid inclusions and sulfides studies, and logfS2 values from equilibrium mineral assemblages. Sulfidation state determinations are from Einaudi et al. (2003), and sulfidation reactions are from Barton and Skinner (1979), and Myers and Eugster (1983) (PDF 26 kb)

ESM2 Fig. 8

a R1–Ga/Al (×104) (after Hong et al. 1996), b Nb–Y–3 × Ga (after Eby 1992), c Y + Nb–Rb (after Pearce 1996) and d (Rb/30)–Hf–(Ta × 3) (after Harris et al. 1986) discrimination diagrams for the Xiasai monzogranite. R1 = 4Si-11(Na + K)-2(Fe + Ti). Samples of the Rongyicuo, Ruorolong, Lianlong, and Zhalong are from Hou et al. (2001a) and Qu et al. (2002) (PDF 22 kb)

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Li, YJ., Wei, JH., Tan, J. et al. Albian–Cenomanian A-type granite-related Ag–Pb–Zn veins in the central Yidun Terrane, SW China: constraints from the Xiasai deposit. Miner Deposita 55, 1047–1070 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00920-5

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