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Modelling lake water and isotope mass balance variations of Lake Azigza in the Moroccan Middle Atlas under Mediterranean climate

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Abstract

As many Mediterranean headwater catchments, the Moroccan Middle Atlas plays an important role in the highly vulnerable regional water resources. Mountain lakes are numerous in this region, and could be regarded as possible sentinels of hydro-climatic changes, using appropriate modelling tools able to simulate the lake-climate relation. We present a detailed study of Lake Azigza, based on a 4-year (2012–2016) observation period, including lake level measurements, isotope analyses of precipitation, lake and spring waters, and local meteorological data. The approach is based on a calibration of a daily time-step lake water and isotope mass balance model, fed by precipitation and evaporation rates, to estimate the ungauged components of the water balance. Results show the dominance of groundwater exchanges in the lake water balance, with significant interannual variations related to annual precipitation. At the annual time-step, groundwater inflow varies between twice and up to six times the amount of direct precipitation, while the groundwater loss reached up to five times evaporation. However, a significant decrease of groundwater loss is observed in 2016, suggesting that a threshold effect probably limits the seepage when the lake level decreases. This study underlines the importance of groundwater fluxes in the lake level variations for Lake Azigza, probably representative of many similar lakes in the Middle Atlas. The model was able to simulate the continuous lake level decrease (4 m) observed over 2012–2016 and can be further used to explore lake-climate relations at different timescales.

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Acknowledgments

The support of the LMI-TREMA-Marrakech (IRD) for Lake Azigza monitoring is acknowledged. We also particularly thank the SETEL- and SIGEO- CEREGE and IRD-Rabat for logistic support during the field trips (2013 and 2015).

Funding

This work and the associated PhD (RA) were funded by FR-ECCOREV, LABEX OT-Med (# ANR-11-LABX-0061) (PHYMOR project) (France), CNRST (Morocco), and PHC Toubkal (Project # 16/38).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, BP80, 13545, Aix en Provence, cedex 4, France

    Rachid Adallal, Christine Vallet-Coulomb, Laurence Vidal & Corinne Sonzogni

  2. Laboratoire de Géo-ressources, Unité associée au CNRST (URAC 42), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Av. Abdelkarim El Khattabi, BP549, Marrakech, Morocco

    Rachid Adallal, Abdelfattah Benkaddour & Ali Rhoujjati

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  1. Rachid Adallal
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  2. Christine Vallet-Coulomb
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  4. Abdelfattah Benkaddour
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Correspondence to Rachid Adallal.

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Fig. SM1

a) Hydrogeological map and hydrographic network of the High Oum-Er-Rbia sub-catchment delineated at Khenifra city showing the position of the hydro-meteorological stations (red squares), Oum-Er-Rbia springs (red circle) and the Azigza lake catchment (red line) (after Bentayeb and Leclerc 1977); b) Corresponding geological map (from Service Géologique du Maroc, 1985) (JPG 4708 kb)

Fig. SM2

Relations between lake water level, area, and volume, and the lake level range observed between 2012 and 2016 (grey shadow) (JPG 2671 kb)

Fig. SM3

a) δ18O-δ2H cross plots of a) Precipitation isotopic compositions, with monthly data (triangles) and weighted averages (circles) for Azigza (n = 23) and the neightboring GNIP station (Fès, n = 80) and the Moroccan Meteoric Water Line MMWL established by Ait Brahim et al. (2016) (δ2H = 7.7 × δ18O + 9.2, r2 = 0.93, n = 494, black line); b) Rain isotopic composition (δ18O) measured at Azigza meteorological station (JPG 2634 kb)

Fig. SM4

a) Meteorological variables measured (from November 2014 to May 2016) at Azigza station (Tw: water temperature, Ta: air temperature, rh: relative humidity); b) Daily evaporation (E, blue), with corresponding change of energy storage (∆S, red) and its sinusoidal approximation (dotted black line) (JPG 3701 kb)

Fig. SM5

Relation between annual rainfall and runoff (Q) at the Tamchachate catchment (1975-2009), compared to Azigza Rainfall and groundwater inflows (Gi) values for 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 (JPG 2594 kb)

Table SM1

Hydrological characteristics of three sub-basins belonging to the High Oum-Er-Rbia sub-catchment (DOCX 13 kb)

Table SM2

Details of stable isotopic compositions (δ18O and δ2H) of Azigza Lake system waters (DOCX 21 kb)

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Adallal, R., Vallet-Coulomb, C., Vidal, L. et al. Modelling lake water and isotope mass balance variations of Lake Azigza in the Moroccan Middle Atlas under Mediterranean climate. Reg Environ Change 19, 2697–2709 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01566-9

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