Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chlorine Addition to Existing Zinc Fuming Processes: A Thermodynamic Study

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Zinc fuming processes are used to volatilize heavy metals from slags and produce a clean slag. Since alternative fuel sources containing plastics are explored, the effect of chlorides becomes relevant. In this paper, the influence of Cl additions to a zinc fuming process on the Zn volatilization is investigated. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out on available industrial data from three different installations. The effects on the fuming performance of the α-value (mol O2/ mol C, in a range of 0.5 to 0.75), chloride source (Cl2, KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2), and added chloride amounts (50, 150, and 500 ppm Cl/min) were investigated. Although the α-value is still the most influential parameter for the overall zinc fuming rate, chloride additions can have positive effects as well. They make ZnCl2 volatilization possible, which supplements the Zn volatilization. Large additions of CaCl2 and MgCl2 improve the fuming rate the most since they cause the largest formation of the volatile ZnCl2 and they do not negatively influence Zn volatilization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Butcher AJ (1968) The recovery of zinc from lead blast furnace slag at port pirie. Mech Chem Eng Trans 2:187–191

    Google Scholar 

  2. Heale K, Bot O, Klimchuk K, Rioux D (2010) Value-added slag fuming at Teck Trail Operations. In: Lead-Zinc 2010. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 1087–1100

  3. Grant RM (1980) The derivation of thermodynamic properties of slags from slag fuming plant data. Paper presented at the Australia Japan extractive metallurgy symposium, Sydney, 16–18/07/1980.

  4. Hansson RH, Lehner T (2010) Recovery of recycled zinc by slag fuming at the Rönnskär Smelter. In: Lead-Zinc 2010. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 1235–1244

  5. Pickles CA (2009) Thermodynamic analysis of the selective chlorination of electric arc furnace dust. J Hazard Mater 166:1030–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Choi CY, Lee YH (1999) Treatment of zinc residues by Ausmelt Technology at Onsan zinc refinery. Rewas'99 global symposium on recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology, vol i–iii.

  7. Hoang J, Reuter MA, Matusewicz R, Hughes S, Piret N (2009) Top submerged lance direct zinc smelting. Miner Eng 22:742–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2008.12.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hughes SR, Baxter MA, Kaye R, Ausmelt A (2008) Technology for lead and zinc processing Lead and Zinc 2008 The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Johannesburg, pp 147–160.

  9. Abdel-latif MA (2002) Fundamentals of zinc recovery from metallurgical wastes in the Enviroplas process. Miner Eng 15:945–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00133-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hara Y, Ishiwata N, Itaya H, Matsumoto T (2000) Smelting reduction process with a coke packed bed for steelmaking dust recycling. ISIJ Int 40:231–237. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.40.231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Verscheure K, Van Camp M, Blanpain B, Wollants P, Hayes P, Jak E (2007) Continuous fuming of zinc-bearing residues: part I Model development. Metall Trans B 38:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-006-9009-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Verscheure K, Van Camp M, Blanpain B, Wollants P, Hayes P, Jak E (2007) Continuous fuming of zinc-bearing residues: part II. The submerged-plasma zinc-fuming process. Metall Trans B 38:21–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-006-9010-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bell RC, Turner GH, Peters E (1955) Fuming of zinc from lead blast furnace slag. Trans Am Inst Min Metall Eng 203:472–477

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kellogg HH (1967) A computer model of slag-fuming process for recovery of zinc oxide. Trans Metall Soc AIME 239:1439–2000

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Quarm TAA (1965) The slag fuming process. Min Mag 113(2):114–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Richards GG (1994) Optimization of the zinc slag fuming process. EPD Congr 1994.

  17. Richards GG (1996) Continuous fuming of zinc-containing slags. Howard Worner International symposium on injection in pyrometallurgy.

  18. Richards GG, Brimacombe JK (1985) Kinetics of the zinc slag-fuming process. 2. Mathematical-model. Metall Trans B 16:529–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02654851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Richards GG, Brimacombe JK (1985) Kinetics of the zinc slag-fuming process. 3. Model predictions and analysis of process kinetic S. Metall Trans B 16:541–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02654852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Richards GG, Brimacombe JK, Toop GW (1985) Kinetics of the zinc slag-fuming process.1. Industrial measurements. Metall Trans B 16:513–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02654850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Cockcroft SL, Richards GG, Brimacombe JK (1988) Mathematical-model of lead behavior in the zinc slag fuming process. Can Metall Q 27:27–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cockcroft SL, Richards GG, Brimacombe JK (1989) High-pressure coal injection in zinc slag fuming. Metall Trans B 20:227–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02825603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Jak E, Hayes P (2002) Phase equilibria and thermodynamics of zinc fuming slags. Can Metall Q 41:163–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lotfian S, Ahmed H, El-Geassy A-HA, Samuelsson C (2017) Alternative reducing agents in metallurgical processes: gasification of shredder residue material. J Sustain Metall 3:336–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-016-0096-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Chan CCY, Kirk DW (1999) Behaviour of metals under the conditions of roasting MSW incinerator fly ash with chlorinating agents. J Hazard Mater 64:75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(98)00227-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Fraissler G, Joeller M, Mattenberger H, Brunner T, Obernberger I (2009) Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations concerning the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge ash by chlorination. Chem Eng Process 48:152–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2008.03.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jakob A, Stucki S, Struis RPWJ (1996) Complete heavy metal removal from fly ash by heat treatment: Influence of chlorides an evaporation rates. Environ Sci Technol 30:3275–3283. https://doi.org/10.1021/es960059z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Isaksson Ö, Lehner T (2000) The rönnskär smelter project: production, expansion, and start-up. JOM 52:26–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-000-0169-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bale CW, Chartrand P, Decterov SA, Eriksson G, Gheribi AE, Hack K, Jung IH, Kang YB, Melançon J, Pelton AD, Petersen S, Robelin C, Sangster J, Van Ende MA (2016) FactSage Thermochemical software and databases, 2010–2016, Calphad, vol. 54, pp 35–53. www.factsage.com.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pelton AD, Eriksson G, Romero-Serrano JA (1993) Calculation of sulfide capacities of multicomponent slags. Metall Trans 24B:817–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pelton AD (1999) Thermodynamic calculation of gas solubilities in oxide melts and glasses. Glastechnische Berichte 72:214–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Vlaams Agentschap Innoveren & Ondernemen (VLAIO) and Umicore for the the financial support (Project 140767).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 – bus 2450, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Sabrina Van Winkel, Bart Blanpain & Annelies Malfliet

  2. Umicore Research, Watertorenstraat 33, 2250, Olen, Belgium

    Lennart Scheunis

  3. Umicore, Adolf Greinerstraat 14, 2660, Hoboken, Belgium

    Frederik Verhaeghe

Authors
  1. Sabrina Van Winkel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lennart Scheunis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frederik Verhaeghe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bart Blanpain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Annelies Malfliet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sabrina Van Winkel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

The contributing editor for this article was Hongmin Zhu.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Van Winkel, S., Scheunis, L., Verhaeghe, F. et al. Chlorine Addition to Existing Zinc Fuming Processes: A Thermodynamic Study. J. Sustain. Metall. 5, 538–550 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-019-00245-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-019-00245-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation