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The tectonic setting and evolution of the 2.7 Ga Kalgoorlie–Kurnalpi Rift, a world-class Archean gold province

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Abstract

The Yilgarn Craton results from three major mantle input events (at ca 3.0–2.9, 2.8 and 2.7 Ga) that have interacted with > 3.0 Ga continental crust. Zircon geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic data subdivide the craton into an older Yilgarn proto-craton and the younger, more primitive Eastern Goldfields Superterrane (EGST). Formation of the Kalgoorlie-Kurnalpi Rift (KKR) within the EGST was associated with the 2.7 Ga event, which exploited weakened crust at the eastern margin of the Yilgarn proto-craton where thick sequences of komatiite and basalt were erupted between ca 2710 and 2690 Ma in the Kalgoorlie Terrane. Calc-alkaline volcanism in the Kurnalpi Terrane began at ca 2730 Ma and continued to ca 2690 Ma, overlapping rifting and plume-related volcanism in the Kalgoorlie Terrane. Deposition of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks within basins at ca 2660 resulted from an intra-orogenic extensional event and coincided with the transition from High-Ca to Low-Ca granite magmatism and peak emplacement of intrusions with a metasomatised mantle source component. Most aspects of the KKR are satisfied by broadly coincident plume-related magmatism in the Kalgoorlie Terrane and westward subduction to the east of the Burtville Terrane. Geochemical characteristics of 2730–2700 Ma calc-alkaline volcanism and 2685–2630 Ma low-SiO2 and alkali-rich intrusions support models for a continental margin subduction zone setting. World-class gold deposits formed in reactivated margins of the KKR, which became flux zones for mantle-derived magmas, hydrothermal fluids and heat during 2675–2620 Ma orogenesis. The orogenic gold mineralisation can be subdivided into proximal intrusion-related and distal-source deposits.

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Acknowledgements

Yong-Jun Lu publishes with the permission of the Executor Director, Geological Survey of Western Australia. Informal discussions about the tectonic setting and evolution of the Yilgarn Craton with Paul Morris and Hugh Smithies are acknowledged with thanks. Thoughtful reviews by Jochen Kolb, David Huston and two anonymous reviewers helped to produce a better review of the KKR. The advice of Guest Editor, Andreas Mueller, is acknowledged with thanks. This is contribution 999 from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (http://www.ccfs.mq.edu.au).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Walter Witt Experience, Bedford, WA, 6052, Australia

    Walter K. Witt

  2. Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia

    Walter K. Witt & Steffen G. Hagemann

  3. Bare Rock Geological Services, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia

    Kevin F. Cassidy

  4. School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia

    Kevin F. Cassidy

  5. Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA, 6004, Australia

    Yong-Jun Lu

  6. Centre for Exploration Targeting and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia

    Yong-Jun Lu & Steffen G. Hagemann

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  1. Walter K. Witt
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Correspondence to Walter K. Witt.

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Witt, W.K., Cassidy, K.F., Lu, YJ. et al. The tectonic setting and evolution of the 2.7 Ga Kalgoorlie–Kurnalpi Rift, a world-class Archean gold province. Miner Deposita 55, 601–631 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0778-9

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